Analysis of Sea Pollution by Sewage from Vessels

In this study, we analysed the sea pollution caused by sewage from vessels. The Dubrovnik aquatorium was chosen as a typical sea area that accommodates a variety of vessels in different locations. We sampled the sea at eight different coastal locations over 14 months and then analysed the samples to determine the presence of the indicators of fecal pollution. Simultaneous with the sampling of the sea, we recorded the number and type of vessels accommodated at the port. These data were applied in chi-square tests, which were used to determine the existence of the relationship of certain types of vessels with fecal coliform bacteria in the sea for each location. The correlation was determined between smaller vessels such as boats, yachts, megayachts, and smaller cruise ships in national navigation with bacteria at sea at the sampling locations. The results can provide an improved understanding of sea pollution due to sewage from vessels.

RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL OF COASTAL SEA POLLUTION BY BLACK (SEWAGE) WATERS FROM VESSELS

Qualitative risk assessment using the risk matrices recommended by International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Standards Organization (ISO) cannot be used for the risk assessment of the pollution of precisely determined part of the coastal sea by black waters from various vessels. Therefore, an original model has been set for risk assessment by means of multiplicative matrices at three levels, allowing risk assessment for very complex assessments with a lot more input factors unlike the classic risk matrix that has two input factors (frequency of occurrence, intensity of consequences). The proposed model of risk assessment uses matrices which first determine the vessel risk index taking into consideration the factor of device for the processing of black waters and the factor of regulations that are applied to the respective vessels. Later, the location sensitivity index is determined, which takes into consideration the sensitivity factor of the location and the factor of impact on the location. Finally, at the third level the assessed risk of sea pollution by black waters is determined according to the type of vessel at precisely defined maritime zone locations. The offered model of risk assessment using multiplicative matrices has practical application and can be used also for many other risk assessments that take into consideration many input factors that affect the risk. The result of risk assessment of the pollution of the coastal sea can be used in decision-making in risk management for undertaking measures in order to protect the coastal sea, human health, and economic activities of a certain area in the coastal sea.

The problem of the Black Sea pollution in Odessa region of Ukraine

The article considers the problem of Black Sea pollution in Odessa region. The researchers made a comparative analysis based on archival and modern materials, statistics on the assessment of pollution of the Black Sea coast around the city of Odessa, as well as adjacent areas to the region. The urgent task of Ukraine as a maritime state is to ensure optimal and sustainable functioning of the maritime complex. The Black Sea has been significantly affected by anthropogenic and man-made activities, which affects its water regime and properties. Therefore, researchers raise the issue of efficient use of natural resources as one of the most important conditions for sustainable social-economic development. In the article we come to the conclusion that the Black Sea ecosystem is affected by the reduction of fresh water, which leads to the influx of inorganic, organic and toxic substances etc. Thus, the researchers highlighted important issues of marine pollution in Ukraine, trying to draw the attention of scientists and the public to address pressing issues and find additional funding for the conservation of the Black Sea ecosystem.

Investigating Turkish Pre-Service Primary Teachers' Environmental Moral Reasoning Patterns on Environmental Dilemmas

This chapter explored preservice primary teachers' moral reasoning patterns on local and non-local environmental dilemmas. Forty-seven preservice primary teachers enrolling in an environmental education course voluntarily participated in the study. The data were collected via preservice teachers' written reports about local and non-local environmental dilemmas and analyzed by means of qualitative and quantitative methods. The results revealed that preservice teachers mostly focused on ecocentric and anthropocentric moral reasoning on sea pollution case while using ecocentric and non-environmental reasoning in the deforestation case. The t-test results also revealed that preservice teachers used more anthropocentric reasoning patterns in the sea pollution case when compared to the deforestation case. The inclusion of local and non-local dilemmas into the environmental education courses in undergraduate teacher education programs can facilitate preservice teachers' moral reasoning.

PELAKSANAAN POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE PADA PERUSAHAAN PERTAMBANGAN DALAM PEMULIHAN PENCEMARAN LAUT [The Implementation of the Polluter Pays Principle for Mining Companies in Marine Pollution Recovery]

<p><em>The Panel of Judges examining case No. 26/Pdt.G/2009/PN.TPI issued a verdict which stated that the action of PT Cahaya Bintan Abadi (Defendant I), PT S&amp;B Investama (Defendant II) and PT Perjuangan (Defendant III) carried out bauxite mining and construction of ports for wharves that have stockpiled at the edge of the wharf resulting sea pollution and death of fishes and marine habitats pier the place of Plaintiff’s livelihood is a tort. And stated that the construction of ports carried out by Defendant II and Defendant III did not carry out the function of environmental supervision and cause the sea pollution was an act of tort. According to civil law, in environmental dispute, plaintiff have the rights to make claims for compensation which is stated in Article 1365 Indonesia Civil Code. Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is a principle of justice which regulates that the costs of pollution prevention and control should be borne by the polluter. The method used is qualitative research method. This study focuses on Case Number: 26/Pdt.G/2009/PN.TPI (inkracht), an environmental dispute between mining companies and fishermen in Tanjung Pinang City, where the mining companies polluted the sea, inflict a financial loss for fishermen and harmed the marine life. The result of this study shows that Case No. 26/Pdt.G/2009/PN.TPI has sentenced the Defendants to pay compensation to the Plaintiffs, yet it is not optimal enough in applying the Polluter Pays Principles.</em></p><p><strong>Bahasa Indonesia Abstrak: </strong>Majelis Hakim pemeriksa perkara Putusan No. 26/Pdt.G/2009/PN.TPI telah menjatuhkan putusan yang pada pokoknya menyatakan bahwa perbuatan PT Cahaya Bintan Abadi (Tergugat I), PT S&amp;B Investama (Tergugat II) dan PT Perjuangan (Tergugat III) yang melakukan penambangan bauksit dan pembuatan pelabuhan untuk dermaga yang telah menimbun atau stok piil di pinggir dermaga berakibat tercemarnya air laut dan kematian ikan dan habitat laut tempat mata pencaharian Para Penggugat adalah perbuatan melawan hukum. Dan menyatakan bahwa pembangunan dermaga dan/atau pelabuhan yang dilakukan oleh Tergugat II dan Tergugat III tidak menjalankan fungsi pengawasan lingkungan sehingga tercemarnya laut adalah perbuatan melawan hukum. Berdasarkan hukum perdata, dalam sengketa lingkungan hidup, penggugat yang merasa dirugikan mempunya hak untuk menuntut ganti rugi sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam Pasal 1365 KUHPerdata. <em>Polluter Pays Principle </em>(PPP) merupakan prinsip keadilan yang mengatur bahwa biaya pencegahan dan pengendalian pencemaran wajib ditanggung oleh pencemar. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif. Studi ini berfokus pada Putusan Nomor 26/Pdt.G/2009/PN.TPI yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap, merupakan sengketa lingkungan hidup antara perusahaan pertambangan dengan masyarakat nelayan Kota Tanjung Pinang, dimana perusahaan pertambangan telah mencemari laut dan menimbulkan kerugian finansial bagi masyarakat nelayan dan juga membahayakan kehidupan laut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Putusan Nomor 26/Pdt.G/2009/PN.TPI telah menghukum Para Tergugat untuk membayar ganti rugi kepada Para Penggugat, namun belum optimal dalam menerapkan <em>Polluter Pays Principle</em>.</p>

Air Pollution and Sea Pollution Seen from Space

Air pollution and sea pollution are both impacting human health and all the natural environments on Earth. These complex interactions in the biosphere are becoming better known and understood. Major progress has been made in recent past years for understanding their societal and environmental impacts, thanks to remote sensors placed aboard satellites. This paper describes the state of the art of what is known about air pollution and focuses on specific aspects of marine pollution, which all benefit from the improved knowledge of the small-scale eddy field in the oceans. Examples of recent findings are shown, based on the global observing system (both remote and in situ) with standardized protocols for monitoring emerging environmental threats at the global scale.

Technical and Ecological Analysis of Different Solutions of the Power Supply of a Marine Diesel Engine

The article contains provisions on the prevention of sea pollution by ships, including, inter alia, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, developed in 1973 (MARPOL). The convention aims to protect the marine environment from oil and its derivatives. Special areas, where extraordinary measures have been taken to prevent sea pollution, due to the intensity of ship traffic and the greater threat of damage to the marine environment have also been presented. In the further part of the article, the applicability of various pro-ecological solutions, i.e. the use of catalysts, low-sulphur fuels, and in the case of using residual fuels – exhaust gas scrubbers were described. In the main part of the article, a technical and ecological analysis was made. In addition, difficulties resulting from the use of pro-ecological solutions were described. The costs of using low-sulphur fuel meeting the emission standards, installing the scrubber and modification of the natural gas combustion unit were compared with the assumption of ten years of passenger-car ferry sailing. Then the problems that individual solutions create were shown. In the final part of the article, alternatives to those described, i.e. the liquefied natural gas (LNG) power supply, electric and hydrogen drives were presented.

The Application of Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) as Pollutant Reduction in Ship

The burning process of fuel from the main engine in ships impacts on air and sea pollution. Afterward, in overcoming the air pollution from the result burning in industry usually use electronic precipitator (ESP) by using electric field to precipitate gas pollutant from burning result. Thus, the aim of this research is making the concept of ESP (Electrostatic Precipitator) which can be used to reduce pollutant from the result burning in the main engine. Afterward, this research is used experiment as its method. The results of this study shows that before using the ESP tool, the NO2 levels is 7.70 mg/Nm3, while after using ESP Nitrogen Oxide (NO2) levels dropped to 3.85 mg/Nm3. Before using the ESP, the data on emissions gas had SO2 levels of 72.3 mg/Nm3, while after using ESP the levels of Nitrogen Oxide (NO2) dropped to 39.6 mg/Nm3. The level of Nitrogen Oxide (NO2) in gas emissions drops to 50% while the level of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) in emission gas drops to 45.2%.

Scientific Literacy-Based Chemical Teaching Materials Design of Chemical Solution Materials on Sea Pollution Context

The science teaching materials needed today are teaching materials that can make students literate in science. One way is to develop teaching materials based on scientific literacy. To produce good teaching materials, certain designs are needed to achieve learning goals and can improve students' scientific literacy. Students who have studied chemistry should be able to analyze natural phenomena in scientific chemistry, one of which is marine pollution. This research was conducted to design high school chemistry teaching materials in connecting the context of sea pollution with chemical solution material. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative which refers to the Model of Educational Reconstruction (MER). The instruments used were standard competencevalidation sheets, text analysis sheets, and teaching material validation sheets. The results showed: a) The results of the indicator standard competencevalidation and learning objectives cognitive and attitude aspects, the results of text analysis and the results of the validation of teaching materials, all obtained valid categories, with the average value of each CVI was 0.91; 0.93; 0.94; and 0.95, b) The design of teaching materials include the contact stage, the curriculum stage, the elaboration stage, the decision-making stage, and the Nexus stage. Keywords:Design of teaching materials; scientific literacy; sea pollution; chemical solution