UTICAJ AUTORSKOG PRAVA I PRAVA KONKURENCIJE NA ZAČETKE I USPON AMERIČKE FILMSKE INDUSTRIJE

In the period prior to the inclusion of motion pictures in copyright law in 1912, film producers had built their businesses on copying each other's films. Film pioneers were inventors, holders of patents right on equipment who did not perceive motion pictures as art, but as a scientific experiment. With the increasing growth of new media, protection of piracy became necessary. The Sherman Act of 1890 was the first Federal antitrust act. However, at the beginning it did not outlaw monopolistic business practices of film producers, which gave a major contribution to the formation and rise of Edison's trust and later, the Independent producers as well. During the First World War feature film became a standard in the film industry. Progresive increase of costs of production determined the decline of the European film industry, which could not catch up to US dominance.

Practical implementation of the use of GNSS RTK technologies for obtaining topographic and geodetic data

This paper analyzes the use of GNSS equipment when conducting topographic surveys. It was revealed that despite the presence of a large number of modern and high-precision GNSS receivers, nowadays, the regulatory and legal framework has established significant restrictions on the use of GNSS equipment when carrying out topographic and geodetic surveys. According to the current legislation, this equipment cannot accurately determine coordinates and heights on the ground. To prove the opposite, a scientific experiment was carried out, as a result of which it was found that modern GNSS receivers can more accurately determine coordinates and heights on the ground than modern total stations and electronic theodolites. Therefore, it is recommended to use the obtained data of the experiment as a basis for making changes to the regulatory framework.

Eye-tracking comparison of two road atlases

The usage of road atlases is experiencing a decline due to the rise in popularity of modern GPS navigational systems. However, road atlases are still utilised by some individuals, both in combination with mobile navigation and separately when navigating during the trip. Therefore, road atlases continue to be published. They are regularly updated, and they do gradually change, such as when the map symbology changes or when the creation of maps takes new technological possibilities into account. The changes in map symbology are the main essence of the presented paper. Based on the assumption presented by an expert (head of the largest cartographic publishing house in the Czech Republic) during an expert discussion that the 20-year-old road atlas is easier to read and that the required information was more quickly accessible in the old atlas than in the new atlas, a scientific experiment was designed and performed. Within the comparison of the "old" and "new" atlases, three hypotheses were established: (1) Accuracy of responses will be higher for the "old" atlas, (2) Time for task completion will be lower for the "old" atlas, and (3) Orientation in the maps from the "old" atlas will be easier. The eye-tracking testing performed did not confirm the first hypothesis, but the statistics confirmed the second and third hypotheses. The reasons for the different results for the "old" and "new" atlases were sometimes obvious (change in the graphic variables of a particular map symbol). Still, other times the causes were not completely clear. All of the experimental results were provided to the publishing house for further use in practice.

Participant motivation to engage in a citizen science campaign: the case of the TESS network

Citizen science involves laymen in some steps of a scientific experiment: citizens are volunteers devoting their free time to citizen science projects. Therefore it is important to investigate the factors influencing their motivation and engagement. In this paper, we present our study to investigate the motivation factors of the TESS photometer network participants, an initiative to collect light pollution data. We present the results and insight of our investigation and the instrument we adopted, which can be useful for the broad citizen science community.

Managing Hypothesis of Scientific Experiments with PhenoManager

Scientific research based on computer simulations is complex since it may involve managing the enormous volumes of data and metadata produced during the life cycle of a scientific experiment, from the formulation of hypotheses to its final evaluation. This wealth of data needs to be structured and managed in a way that makes sense to scientists so that relevant knowledge can be extracted to contribute to the scientific research process. In addition, when it comes to the scope of the scientific project as a whole, it may be associated with several different scientific experiments, which in turn may require executions of different scientific workflows, which makes the task rather arduous. All of this can become even more difficult if we consider that the project tasks must be associated with the execution of such simulations (which may take hours or even days), that the hypotheses of a phenomenon need validation and replication, and that the project team may be geographically dispersed. This article presents an approach called PhenoManager that aims at helping scientists managing their scientific projects and the cycle of the scientific method as a whole. PhenoManager can assist the scientist in structuring, validating, and reproducing hypotheses of a phenomenon through configurable computational models in the approach. For the evaluation of this article was used SciPhy, a scientific workflow in the field of bioinformatics, concluding that the proposed approach brings gains without considerable performance losses.

Art as a Future-Generating Machine: Rheinberger's Experimentalism in Practice-Based Arts Methodologies

This article explores the potential syntheses between practice-based arts research methodologies and the historian of science Hans-Jörg Rheinberger's framing of the scientific ‘experiment.’ Rheinberger offers the experiment as a ‘future-generating machine' resulting from materials discursive processes enacted as ‘repetition with difference’. This framing of epistemological development has applications in practice-based methodologies through their simultaneous execution of action and reflection, as well as the importance of ‘surprise’ in experimental practice.

A Experimentação na Formação Inicial de Professores de Ciências e Biologia

Resumo Atividades práticas contribuem para maior participação dos estudantes nas disciplinas, auxilia a despertar o interesse pelo conteúdo, além de contribuir na compreensão e construção do conhecimento científico. Desse modo, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo elaborar uma experimentação científica, a fim de auxiliar os estudantes de um curso de licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas para maior compreensão a respeito do conteúdo de metabólitos secundários – alelopatia, assim como analisar a contribuição de tal estratégia. Desse modo, utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados, os relatos contidos nas sínteses avaliativas respondidas pelos estudantes. A análise dos resultados foi embasada pelo referencial teórico da Análise Textual Discursiva. Os resultados da experimentação apresentaram indícios de que a estratégia utilizada despertou interesse nos estudantes, possibilitando momentos de aprendizagem. Assim como, contribuiu para formação inicial destes futuros professores, pois permitiu que os licenciandos mobilizassem saberes docentes, como os disciplinares, pedagógicos e experienciais. Quando se evidência essa mobilização de saberes, é possível ter indícios de que os licenciandos possivelmente possuirão pré-requisitos para preparar aulas no modelo didático aplicado. Um dos desdobramentos dessa pesquisa é motivar pesquisadores da área de ensino a voltar suas pesquisas para formação de professores, na perspectiva de prepará-los para empregar diferentes estratégias didáticas no Ensino de Ciências e Biologia. Palavras Chave: Formação de Professores. Aulas Práticas. Atividades Experimentais. Ensino de Ciências. Abstract Practical activities contribute to greater participation of students in the disciplines, helps to arouse interest in content, besides contributing to the understanding and construction of scientific knowledge. Thus, the present research aimed to elaborate a scientific experiment, in order to assist students of a degree course in Biological Sciences to better understand the content of secondary metabolites – allelopathy, as well as analyzing the contribution of such a strategy. Thus, the reports contained in the evaluative syntheses answered by the students were used as data collection instrument. The analysis of the results was based on the theoretical framework of Discursive Textual Analysis. The results of the experiment showed evidence that the strategy used aroused interest in students, enabling learning moments. As well as, it contributed to the initial formation of these future teachers, because it allowed the graduates to mobilize teaching knowledge, such as disciplinary, pedagogical and experiential. When this mobilization of knowledge is evidenced, it is possible to have indications that the undergraduates may have prerequisites to prepare classes in the applied didactic model. One of the developments of this research is to motivate researchers in the teaching area to return their research to teacher education, in order to prepare them to employ different didactic strategies in science and biology teaching. Keywords: Teacher training. Practical classes. Experimental Activities. Science Teaching.

Effect of microbial preparations Vetom 1 and Vetom 20.76 on growth intensity of geese

The results of the study on the effect of new microbial preparations on the dynamics of the absolute weight and average daily gain of geese are presented. In the scientific experiment, probiotics Vetom 20.76 based on the predatory fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora and Vetom 1 on the basis of live spore-forming bacteria of the Bacillus subtilis DSM 32424 strain, which have anthelmintic, antiviral and antifungal effects, were used. One control and four experimental groups of 10 goslings each at the age of 1 month were formed according to the principle of analog pairs. The goslings of the experimental groups received Vetom 20.76 in various dosages: young birds of the 1st experimental group – 0.5 μl/kg of live body weight, the 2nd – 1 μl/kg, the 3rd – 2 μl/kg. Goslings of the 4th experimental group were given Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of live body weight. Both drugs were given in the morning with water, once a day for 30 days. These drugs were not prescribed to geese of the control group. It was established that Preparations Vetom 20.76 in doses of 0.5; 1 and 2 μl/ kg of body weight and Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight have a growth-stimulating effect when given to goslings for 30 days. The growth rate of the experimental birds depended on the dose of the drugs used. Optimal results were obtained with the use of Vetom 20.76 at a dose of 2 μl/ kg of body weight and Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight once a day for 30 days. The average daily gain in live weight of the experimental geese increased in the 3d and 4th experimental groups by 5.24 and 20.60% in the first 15 days of the experiment and by 24.8 and 44.64% during the aftereffect of the drug.

A Contemporary Scientific Study of André Breton’s Automatic Writing

This paper proposes a new scientific way to study the concept and technique of automatic writing in Surrealism. Based on the specialists of André Breton’s work and the experts of automatism, we expose here the literary, psychiatric, neurological and parapsychological influences that Breton had to create his own concept and writing technique. We suggest here that we have to add to all these influences, the spiritist one, specifically, that of Allan Kardec, whose doctrine and concepts, such as psychography, were a direct impact to the surrealist automatic writing, even when Breton wanted to dissociate his movement from Kardec’s doctrine. Automatic writing has been studied from many angles, specially from literary and art theory and criticism, but also from history of science, philosophy, neurology, psychology and psychiatry and even from occultism, hermeticism and esoterism. Nevertheless, we don’t know any contemporary scientific experiment on this surrealist practice, maybe because materialist principles that support traditional Neurosciences are unable to study automatic writing. For this reason, we propose to study automatic writing, not from regular Neuroscience principles that we disapprove here, but from a post-materialist Neuroscience viewpoint, which agrees with the values that Surrealism defended