STAND FOR DETERMINING THE PARAMETERS OF COLD GAS GENERATORS

Приведено описание стенда для определения параметров газогенераторов холодного газа (расхода, давления и температуры).Описано оборудование для измерения характеристик исследуемых газогенераторов. Приведены данные по работе газогенераторов. A description of the stand for determining the parameters of cold gas generators (flow rate, pressure and temperature) is given. Equipment for measuring the characteristics of the gas generators under study is described. The data on the operation of gas generators are presented.

RESEARCH OF GENERAL HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY ACCORDING TO OPTIMAL PARAMETERS AS A COMPONENT OF COMPLEX DEVELOPMENT OF EFCE AND CFE-UA ASSOCIATIONS

The analysis of the prospects for the development of hydrogen energy in the EU and Ukraine is carried out. The possibilities of implementing projects and technologies for the production of green hydrogen for industrial use are considered. The conditions for the implementation of the project for the creation of a research and development center for hydrogen and hydrogen fuel cell technology are presented. A review of publications devoted to the process of obtaining hydrogen from water has been completed. The main factors influencing the course of reactions in the production of hydrogen from water using alloys are considered. Recommended alloys for producing hydrogen at autonomous facilities. The components of the research algorithm are given taking into account the system of process factors based on the analysis of literature data on the technology of hydrogen production by the electrolysis of water. The general principles of calculating gas generators have been established, which should be based on the basic principles of the thermodynamics of heterogeneous processes: classical thermodynamics of multiphase and heterogeneous systems.

Soot Formation Numerical Simulation in Reducing Gas Generators of Oxygen-Methane Liquid Rocket Engines

A method for numerical simulation of operating processes in reducing gas generators with calculation of the condensed phase (soot) formation process detailed structure has been developed. It is assumed that soot is formed from gas-phase fuel in two stages. At the first stage, active radical nuclei are formed, and at the second stage, carbon black particles are formed from these nuclei. Numerical modeling of processes, fuel mixing and combustion, as well as soot formation in model reducing oxygen-methane gas generators with gas-liquid coaxial mixing elements of jet-jet type has been performed. Gas generators of this type can be used in promising oxygen-methane liquid rocket engines operating on open and closed circuits with reducing gas generators, as well as on the gas-gas circuit having reducing and oxidizing gas generators. A comparative analysis of soot formation features in gas generators with single- and multi-nozzle mixing heads has been performed. It is shown that a decrease in the pitch between the mixing elements leads to a significant change in the mixture formation processes, fuel combustion and the flow of combustion products (all other conditions being equal), which significantly reduces the intensity of condensed phase formation in reducing gas generators. The numerical simulation method will be used for studies of fuel combustion and condensed phase formation in regenerative gas generators of modern and advanced liquid rocket engines at the stages of development, design and improvement

PHASE METHODS OF GAS GENERATORS CONTROL HYDROGEN STORAGE AND SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Methods of control of technical condition of gas generators of systems of storage and supply of hydrogen based on use of their phase-frequency characteristics are considered. Methods of control of gas generators are divided into two groups depending on the mathematical models used to describe the operation of such gas generators. It is shown that when using as such a mathematical model the transfer function of the gas generator in the form of an inertial link, it is possible to implement control algorithms both by its phase-frequency characteristics and by its time constant. In the first case, the phase-frequency characteristic is measured at an a priori set frequency. In the second case, there is no such restriction. When using as a mathematical model of the gas generator the transfer function in the form of a fractional-rational function of the second order, the implementation of algorithms for its control can be carried out directly using the phase-frequency characteristics of the gas generator. With this implementation of algorithms for monitoring the technical condition of gas generators, the measurement of the values of their phase-frequency characteristics is carried out at several frequencies. This approach to the control of gas generators can increase the reliability of its results. All methods of monitoring the technical condition of gas generators of hydrogen storage and supply systems are focused on the use of tolerance criteria. The parameters of the tolerance criteria can be both the values of the time constants of gas generators of hydrogen storage and supply systems, and fixed values of the phase-frequency characteristics of such gas generators. In the latter case, control algorithms are implemented that cover the entire operating frequency range of gas generators.

STUDI KASUS PROSES INERTING TANKI MUATAN PADA KAPAL MT. GAS WALIO DALAM RANGKA PERSIAPAN DOCKING

In handling cargo, some types of ships have different ways. On gas tankers containing LPG, a special process is required in avoiding explosions in cargo tanks and avoiding the waste of cargo into the atmosphere. The process of handling the payload is the inerting porses on the payload tank. This process includes inert gas with oxygen levels of less than 8% to prevent the formation of fire triangles in the payload tank so as to avoid explosions. Inert gas is produced by an engine in the form of an Inert Gas Generator. Inert gas generators have several components, the process of which is interconnected with each other to produce inert gases. Inert gas generators require a good and correct maintenance and repair system considering the purpose of inserting inert gas into the payload tank is significant in terms of safety and security on board. Case study on board MT. Walio gas observes the activities of the inerting process that is disrupted by the waste of inert gas into the atmosphere and has a high dew point value so that inert gas does not enter the tank load. From the results of the case study intended that the components on the gas generator inert do not function properly, some analysis is done by observing the continuity of the process and written data so that it is expected that the case study has the benefit in theory and practice in handling the continuity of the inerting process.

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF HOT GAS GENERATORS FOR HEATING AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT

Hot gas generators are used as a source of thermal energy for pre-start preparation of motor vehicles in cold climatic conditions. Their wide application is due to the high thermal power and safety. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in determining the possibilities of using thermoelectric modules to reduce the energy consumption of the battery by hot gas generators. (Materials and methods) Authors used research methods based on the application of standard techniques, while the object of research was the power supply system of a thermal energy source. (Results and discussion) Authors conducted research on ways and methods to reduce the electric consumption of a hot gas generator by recuperating thermal energy into electrical energy using thermoelectric generator modules. The thermoelectric converters installed on the heat pipe of the hot gas generator, due to the high temperature difference, will allow to obtain a high value of the electromotive force. Modeling of the nozzle in the software package of the Ansys three-dimensional modeling system showed that part of the heat energy goes through the surface of the heat pipe. The article proposes the use of a nozzle with a thermoelectric converter installed on the outer surface of the cylinder instead of a heat pipe. The article presents the mathematical model of an improved hot gas generator nozzle. (Conclusions) The use of a thermoelectric converter for the utilization of thermal energy and the replacement of energy losses of the battery, which feeds the hot gas generator, will reduce the internal power losses of the battery and increase the technical readiness of automotive equipment. The introduction of a comprehensive heat treatment system, which is intelligently and functionally linked to a remote monitoring system, will significantly increase the service life of the units most exposed to temperature influences.

Erratic electric power challenges in Africa and the way forward via the adoption of human biogas resources

This paper examines a broad spectrum of challenges plaguing electric power supply in Africa. The challenges have lingered very long that policymakers, energy companies, and government agencies have shown docility in tackling the problem headlong. The increasing human population and technological innovations are evidence that the more the problem lingers, the more it becomes insurmountable. In this paper, it was proposed the lingering challenges can be solved using the standalone system of power generation. The renewable energy option and its adaptability were highlighted to guide standalone users on the way forward. The growing population in Africa can be advantageous in generating biogas from human feaces. It was discovered that renewable energy devices are quite expensive; hence, the biogas option for cooking and powering gas generators seem to be sustainable as its technology can be modified to suit the users' financial base. Therefore, it is projected that if the human excretal biogas can be adopted, Africa will soon overcome its energy crisis through the doggedness of its standalone users.