МІЖСТИЛЬОВІ ЗМІЩЕННЯ ЛЕКСЕМ НА ТЛІ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ДИНАМІКИ

The article examines the functioning of legal lexical items in journalistic texts on economic issues, which usually transcribe journalism. The research analyses some legal nominations used with known and interpreted meanings in dictionaries, as well as those that need explanation, as lexicographical works do not record them. Particular attention is paid to lexical items that have acquired figurative meanings. The use of legal nominations in economic journalism shows not only to the intersectoral character of certain terms, but also to the transition of language units from one scope, branch, activity to another. We conclude that due to figurative meanings the terms lose their uniqueness, which makes it possible to trace the processes of determinologization in the Ukrainian language. Keywords: legal vocabulary, journalism, figurative meaning, stylistic role.

Applying cognitive linguistics to second language idiom learning

<p>Idioms are known to cause great difficulty for second language (L2) learners, who may understand the literal meanings of the constituent words of idioms like (be) waiting in the wings, but often fail to interpret the idiomatic, figurative meaning of the expression. Proponents of Cognitive Linguistics (CL) claim that CL provides a pathway to more systematic and insightful learning of figurative expressions like idioms. They advocate that learners should be informed of the literal underpinning of idiomatic expressions and their relationship to the figurative meaning. This is supported by the results of several experimental studies employing ‘etymological elaboration’. However, little is known about how learners actually experience the CL-style explanations, or about how the learning is affected by other factors such as learners’ perceived transparency of the connection between the literal underpinnings and the idiomatic meanings, and their L1. The research reported in this thesis therefore (1) investigates the effectiveness of etymological elaboration in facilitating idiom comprehension and retention; (2) examines the problems that L2 learners, i.e., native-Chinese EFL learners in this study, experience when they encounter English figurative idioms, and identifies the factors influencing success in learning the meanings of idioms. To achieve these objectives, a mixed methods design was employed. Etymological elaboration was implemented in a teaching experiment involving one-on-one interviews, in which 25 Chinese learners of English were presented with idioms whose meaning they were asked to guess first without and then with the aid of information about their literal underpinnings. After the correct figurative meaning was established, participants rated the transparency of the connection between the literal underpinning and the figurative meaning. One week later, the learners were presented with the same idioms and asked to recall their meaning. Follow-up interviews were also conducted to survey the learners’ experience with and awareness of idioms, and their general attitudes and strategies towards idiom learning. Participants’ responses and their recall of idiomatic meanings were scored by three raters. A combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses of the interview data investigated the learning process and the outcomes of the teaching experiment. The major findings are: (1) Etymological elaboration can facilitate the interpretation and meaning retention of L2 idioms to a substantial degree; and the L2 idiom learning involves the interplay of multiple factors, including the transparency of the idioms, L1 transfer and cross-cultural differences, learners’ prior L2 lexical knowledge, and their proficiency levels. (2) The degree of transparency of the literal-figurative connection influences meaning retention, especially for the low proficiency learners. However, the mnemonic effect is not confined to idioms that learners find most transparent, but also affects those that are “far-fetched”. (3) The accuracy of meaning inference during the learning phase has a significant impact on memory for the idioms; many errors can be traced back to wrong guesses made in the prior learning phase, and some relate to false equivalents and partial equivalents in the L1. This suggests that trial-and-error learning potentially induces wrong memory traces and that teaching practices should therefore promote more accurate comprehension from the start, in order to facilitate better long-term memory for idioms. (4) More exposure to and better awareness of idioms help EFL learners foster positive attitudes towards idiom learning, which may facilitate the integration and automatization of figurative multiword expressions like idioms in their bilingual mental lexicon, and in turn lead to higher L2 proficiency. The findings of this study have implications for second language teaching and learning. The innovative research design and advanced statistical analyses contribute to the development of language teaching research methodology.</p>

Applying cognitive linguistics to second language idiom learning

<p>Idioms are known to cause great difficulty for second language (L2) learners, who may understand the literal meanings of the constituent words of idioms like (be) waiting in the wings, but often fail to interpret the idiomatic, figurative meaning of the expression. Proponents of Cognitive Linguistics (CL) claim that CL provides a pathway to more systematic and insightful learning of figurative expressions like idioms. They advocate that learners should be informed of the literal underpinning of idiomatic expressions and their relationship to the figurative meaning. This is supported by the results of several experimental studies employing ‘etymological elaboration’. However, little is known about how learners actually experience the CL-style explanations, or about how the learning is affected by other factors such as learners’ perceived transparency of the connection between the literal underpinnings and the idiomatic meanings, and their L1. The research reported in this thesis therefore (1) investigates the effectiveness of etymological elaboration in facilitating idiom comprehension and retention; (2) examines the problems that L2 learners, i.e., native-Chinese EFL learners in this study, experience when they encounter English figurative idioms, and identifies the factors influencing success in learning the meanings of idioms. To achieve these objectives, a mixed methods design was employed. Etymological elaboration was implemented in a teaching experiment involving one-on-one interviews, in which 25 Chinese learners of English were presented with idioms whose meaning they were asked to guess first without and then with the aid of information about their literal underpinnings. After the correct figurative meaning was established, participants rated the transparency of the connection between the literal underpinning and the figurative meaning. One week later, the learners were presented with the same idioms and asked to recall their meaning. Follow-up interviews were also conducted to survey the learners’ experience with and awareness of idioms, and their general attitudes and strategies towards idiom learning. Participants’ responses and their recall of idiomatic meanings were scored by three raters. A combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses of the interview data investigated the learning process and the outcomes of the teaching experiment. The major findings are: (1) Etymological elaboration can facilitate the interpretation and meaning retention of L2 idioms to a substantial degree; and the L2 idiom learning involves the interplay of multiple factors, including the transparency of the idioms, L1 transfer and cross-cultural differences, learners’ prior L2 lexical knowledge, and their proficiency levels. (2) The degree of transparency of the literal-figurative connection influences meaning retention, especially for the low proficiency learners. However, the mnemonic effect is not confined to idioms that learners find most transparent, but also affects those that are “far-fetched”. (3) The accuracy of meaning inference during the learning phase has a significant impact on memory for the idioms; many errors can be traced back to wrong guesses made in the prior learning phase, and some relate to false equivalents and partial equivalents in the L1. This suggests that trial-and-error learning potentially induces wrong memory traces and that teaching practices should therefore promote more accurate comprehension from the start, in order to facilitate better long-term memory for idioms. (4) More exposure to and better awareness of idioms help EFL learners foster positive attitudes towards idiom learning, which may facilitate the integration and automatization of figurative multiword expressions like idioms in their bilingual mental lexicon, and in turn lead to higher L2 proficiency. The findings of this study have implications for second language teaching and learning. The innovative research design and advanced statistical analyses contribute to the development of language teaching research methodology.</p>

Makna Konotasi dan Denotasi dalam Lirik Lagu Himalaya karya Maliq D’essentials

Ferdinand De Saussure explains the meaning is concept that has or is present in a linguistic sign. Songs are a medium for expressing someone's feelings that are written in writing and have aesthetic values in these expressions. This study examines the meaning of a song, namely the Himalayan song sung by Maliq D'Essentials. The verse not only conveys the message openly, but there is a figurative meaning there. This research was conducted based on the author's observation of a song lyrics in the form of expressions of meaning, both denotative and connotative meanings. This research approach uses a semantic approach because semantics is a branch of science that studies the meaning of an expression. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The data collection technique used was the observation result technique, namely observing the Himalayan Maliq D'Essentials song as a research subject to study the meaning expression in each verse of the song with the depiction of the meaning of "Himalaya" as a figurative meaning expressed in denotation.

De wind in de zeilen hebben – “chwytać wiatr w żagle”. Nederlandse en Poolse metaforen uit de scheepvaart in vergelijking

This article underlines the great impact of navigation on the Dutch language. It contains a large number of Dutch maritime expressions and other terms derived from navigation and used in everyday language. The main aim of this article is to propose two different divisions of Dutch maritime idioms, which may clarify their figurative meaning. Furthermore, the author compares Dutch maritime metaphors to Polish examples, and eventually makes an attempt to answer the question whether Dutch maritime expressions were borrowed by Polish. There are many different Dutch loanwords (technical terminology) in Polish connected to navigation (eg. ship equipment elements).

The chamber kui is the genre of the kazakh academical music

Since the formation of the chamber and instrumental music in Kazakhstan, the traditional instrumental genrekui – has become the vector of creative search, the basis for the synthesis of national and western musical thinking. The purpose of this article is to reveal the features of the traditional genre within the framework of academic music and to present a new genre – chamber kui.The expression of kui in the works is functionally represented in a variety of ways. The embodiment of the semantics of kui in its figurative meaning is given in the title of the work. When using the folk instrumental genre in professional writing, the authors give a functional association to it presented in the work in the form of a fragment (melody or accompaniment). The next point in the gradation of kui features in the chamber and instrumental works of composers of Kazakhstan is the dominance of its features: motor skills, variant-variational development of form, texture, throughout the work or part of it.The formation of a new genre – chamber kui was the result of creative searches for the synthesis of Kazakh folk instrumental creativity-kui, the connection of the laws of its formation and shaping with the achievements of European creative experience. In form, these pieces are kui (alternation of three register zones characteristic of the traditional genre), in harmony, quart-quint consonances are used, recreating the overtone density of the dombra timbre in the sound of the European instrument.

THE COLOR TERMS FOR BLACK AND WHITE IN BULGARIAN, POLISH AND LITHUANIAN PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS

The present paper is contrastive analysis of Bulgarian, Polish and Lithuanian phraseological units containing a color term naming black or white. It traces the way these components reflect the figurative meaning of the unit - through their color semantics or through their function as a cultural signs. The study classiffiеs Bulgarian, Polish and Lithuanian expressions as to their belongings to several groups, which refer to different concepts. In each group the comparison of the examples found in the three phraseological subsystems is based on their semantics, their lexical components and structure. Under observations are substantive, adjectival, adverbial and verbal phraseological units where the colors are used only as an adjective component. The analysis takes into consideration that black has negative symbolism and cultural connotations. Thus the phraseological units with black are linked mainly to the concepts such as death, sorrow, bad life, misfortune. The text suggests that color term for black is rarely used to express neutral or positive meanings. The white has a positive cultural connotation associated to whiteness, light, good life, goodness, but its meaning can vary to neutral or negative in phraseological system of the three languages. The present paper observes similarities of collected phraseological expressions and emphasizes their nation-specific features.

Ἀναγωγή in Ancient Greek Exegetical Literature

Термин ἀναγωγή довольно часто употребляется в древних памятниках христианской богословской и экзегетической литературы в разных значениях, что во многом затрудняет понимание этого слова в каждом отдельном случае. В рамках экзегетической процедуры ἀναγωγή употребляется в метафорическом значении и обозначает переносный смысл, а иногда и переносное понимание текста, когда речь идёт о метафорическом содержании фигур речи или о присутствии мистического аллегорического смысла. Современная отечественная библейская наука склонна видеть в ἀναγωγή определённый духовный метод/смысл интерпретации Священного Писания (чаще всего имеется в виду эсхатологическое толкование). Когда эта модель переносится на почву древней экзегетической литературы, то неизбежно возникает противоречие между современным определением и своеобразием языка древних авторов. В рамках данной статьи предпринимается попытка рассмотреть основные значения ἀναγωγή в древних экзегетических памятниках. Ἀναγωγή is quite often used in ancient monuments of Christian theological and exegetical literature in different meanings, which greatly complicates the understanding of this word in each individual case. Within the framework of the exegetical procedure, anagoge is used in a metaphorical meaning and denotes a figurative meaning, and sometimes at the same time a figurative understanding of the text, when it comes to the metaphorical content of figures of speech, or the presence of a mystical allegorical meaning. Modern Russian biblical science tends to see in ἀναγωγή a certain spiritual method/meaning of the interpretation of the Holy Scriptures (most often it means the eschatological interpretation). When this model is transferred to the soil of ancient exegetical literature, then a contradiction arises between the modern definition and the originality of the language of ancient authors. Within the framework of this article, an attempt is made to consider the main meanings of ἀναγωγή in ancient exegetical monuments.

Stilistic analysis and social value in andrea hirata's novel ordinary people (review through a literature sociology approach)

Stylistic Analysis and Social Values in Andrea Hirata's novel Orang-Orang Asli (Review Through the Sociology of Literature Approach) is an analysis of the use of language and the relationship between literary works and society in the novel. This research is a descriptive qualitative study with the aim of describing the uniqueness and selection of vocabulary, particularly the use of diction (choice of words), figurative meaning (figurative meaning) and social values contained in the novel Orang-Orang Asli by Andrea Hirata. The data of this research are in the form of lingual units which contain unique vocabulary and morphosyntax as well as uniqueness of language style and social values. Data collection techniques using library techniques, observe and take notes. Data analysis techniques are flow analysis which consists of four activities that occur simultaneously, namely data collection and classification, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Furthermore, this study uses the theoretical triangulation method, meaning that the discussion of the problem is the discussion of the problem by using some data to obtain the same data. The results of this study indicate that the use of diction or choice of words in Andrea Hirata's novel Orang-Orang Asli is (1) denotation meaning, (2) connotation meaning, (3) synonymous words (4) antonyms (5) concrete words, (6) Abstract, (7) general words (8) special words (9) straightforward words, (10) narrowing and broadening of the meaning (11) active words and (12) amelioration and peryorasi words. Utilization of a figurative language style that is unique and creates aesthetic effects on readers, namely metaphor, simile, metonemia, synekdoke, allegory, climax and correction. The social values contained in the novel Orang-Orang Asli by Andrea Hirata are the social values of love which include love and affection, help to help, devotion, care. The value of responsibility includes empathy, discipline. Life harmony values include obligation, tolerance and cooperation. The analysis above shows that the writer is able to highlight the uniqueness of the selection and use of specific vocabulary and figurative language which is aesthetically pleasing and has social values. This uniqueness is motivated by social and educational factors of the author. This has resulted in a distinctive style that has become a special characteristic of Andrea Hirata in expressing his ideas through the novel Orang-Orang Asli.

Yesus Sebagai Yang Sulung Lebih Utama Dari Yang Diciptakan

Throughout the history of the church, from the early Church to the present, Christology has become the main topic of discussion, and it has often led to debates and even polemics for both the Church and those outside the church. The point of a long debate in the field of Christology is about Jesus as a creator or only as a creation. This study investigates this by using theological research, this study uses the exegesis method. The text that will be executed to provide evidence that Jesus was the Creator or creation is Colossians 1:15-20. Jehovah's Witnesses say that this text shows that Jesus was God's First creation. Whereas true Christians actually view this text as saying that Jesus is the Creator. The research used the exegesis method. The results show that Christ is the agent of creation. In building the understanding of the eldest word (Prototokos), it is not allowed to use the isolated text method. There are at least 2 meanings of this word, the first literal meaning is as the first born according to the order of time, and the second, the figurative meaning The eldest means the main, superior. Of course when looking at the context in Colossians 1:16-17, then Christ is not the first born according to chronological order, and comes from creation. Rather, He is the Creator, so it is not surprising that He is supreme or superior to all creation. Abstrak Indonesia Sepanjang sejarah gereja mulai dari Gereja mula-mula hingga kini Kristologi menjadi topik utama diskusi bahkan tak jarang menimbulkan perdebatan bahkan polemik baik bagi Gereja maupun kalangan di luar gereja. Yang menjadi titik perdebatan panjang dalam bidang Kristologi adalah Mengenai Yesus sebagai pencipta ataukah hanya sebagai ciptaan. Penelitian ini menyelidiki hal tersebut dengan menggunakan penelitian Teologi, penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksegesis. Teks yang akan dieksegesa guna untuk memberikan bukti Yesus adalah Pencipa atau ciptaan adalah Kolose 1:15-20. Saksi-saksi Yehuwa mengatakan bahwa teks ini menunjukkan bahwa Yesus adalah ciptaan Pertama dari Allah. Sedangkan Kristen sejati justru memandang teks ini mengatakan bahwa Yesus adalah Pencipta. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksegesis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Kristus adalah pelaku penciptaan. Dalam membangun pemahaman kata yang Sulung (Prototokos), tidak boleh menggunakan metode teks terisolasi. Paling tidak ada 2 makna dari kata ini, yang pertama makna literal adalah sebagai yang lahir pertama menurut urutan waktu, dan yang kedua, makna figuratif Yang sulung berarti yang utama, unggul. Tentu ketika melihat konteks dalam Kolose 1:16-17, maka Kristus bukanlah sang pertama lahir menurut urutan waktu, dan berasal dari ciptaan. Melainkan Ia adalah Pencipta, sehingga tidak mengherankan bahwa Ia adalah yang utama atau paling unggul di atas segala ciptaan.