Influence Of Gender Of The Board Of Directors On Firm Performance With The Intensity Of Innovation As Moderate Variable

ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the role of innovation intensity in moderating the influence of board gender on company performance. This study uses quantitative data with data sources in secondary data, which will be processed using SPSS 22 software. This study's population are non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2014-2018 with 690 observations. This study found that board diversity has a positive effect on company performance. The higher the level of board diversity in this case the gender in a board, the higher the level of firm performance. The gender of the board of directors can help in making decisions because there are different perspectives on the discussion. Different perspectives will create a sense of caution which can help prevent risks. Besides, this study also found that the intensity of innovation could strengthen or moderate the effect of board diversity on firm performance. The company's intensity of innovation is higher when there are women on its board of directors. This is because various perspectives are important to be able to provide creative solutions, such as innovation. The intensity of innovation can increase when there is gender diversity on the board of directors to make firm performance increase.

Business Innovation Intensity within Creative Services Businesses in Indonesia

In Indonesia’s New Normal era, creativity is an important aspect for businesses. Previous research suggests the relationship between team support, individual perceptions, the intensity of team and company innovation on students who have entered the world of work. This study explores the effect of individual perceptions, perceptions of team support on the intensity of service business innovation which is mediated by the intensity of team innovation. Data collection was carried out by distributing online questionnaires to 204 employees who work in creative industry service businesses in Indonesia. The study found that perception of individual creativity skills had a positive effect on perceptions of team support for innovation, and perceptions of team support for innovation had a positive effect on the intensity of company innovation. Furthermore, the relationship between perceptions of team support for innovation and entrepreneurial firm innovation intensity is partially mediated by team innovation intensity.

Linking Entrepreneurial Orientation and Innovation Intensity: Moderating Role of Environmental Turbulence

This research aims to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions on a firm’s innovation intensity along with the moderation of environmental turbulence. The dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation include autonomy, pro-activeness, risk attitude, innovation readiness and competitive aggressiveness, hence the study includes five direct hypotheses and five moderated hypotheses. The data was gathered through an online questionnaire. The sample size of the study was 386 small and medium enterprises (SME) operating in Pakistan. The questionnaire was filled out by executive managers or executive directors of organizations as company representatives. Smart PLS was used to analyze the data. The measurement model was run to ensure validity and reliability. Moreover, the outer loadings, model fit and important statistics were assured. The structural model estimated the proposed relationships of the study. The findings of the study suggested a positive impact of all the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation on innovation while the moderation effect of environmental turbulence was found to be significant for all the relationships except innovation readiness. The study finally concluded that EO had a significant impact on innovation intensity. Based on the findings, it is recommended that SMEs should enhance entrepreneurial orientation in their respective organizations in order to intensify innovation. The practical objective of this research was to gain knowledge on entrepreneurial orientation and innovation intensity that is crucial for organizations in the contemporary business world. The study has certain implications for the development of organizations’ strategic orientation. SMEs in Pakistan have great potential and in terms of intensifying innovation in enterprises, it is important to focus on entrepreneurial orientation. Thus, SMEs have to be innovative, proactive, and ready to take risks which may ultimately help them improve their performance.

Innovation intensity and skills in firms across five European countries

This study attempts to establish the importance of specific formally achieved higher skills for the innovation intensity in firms across a group of European countries. Innovation expenditures are calculated as the ratio to turnover and the main explanatory variable is the proportion of highly skilled employees (tertiary education in ICT-oriented or other fields). The analysis employs official data on innovation activities (Community Innovation Survey) in firms for the period 2004–2010, linked to registers on education and businesses as well as to the Structural Business Statistics including 34,000 observations. Estimation results show a strong significantly positive relationship between the innovation intensity and the proportion of highly ICT skilled employees. Higher skills outside the field of ICT are also important for the innovation activities. Control variables reveal that the innovation intensity significantly increases with joint national and EU funding while the role of firm age varies. The significant and negative link to firm size reveals a lack of advantages of scale, a finding possibly related to the use of a comprehensive measure of innovation activities. There are also indications that industry affiliation is essential for the innovation intensity.

Innovation intensity of military-connected firms

PurposeThe study aims to examine the military-connected firms' risk preference, specifically in the innovation intensity level context. The authors argue that firms with military-experienced top management have conservative and risk-averse behavior, influencing the innovation investment policy.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use nonfinancial Indonesian-listed firms from 2010 to 2018 amounted to 2,504 firm-year observations.FindingsThe authors document a negative relationship between military connection with both innovation activities and outputs. The additional analysis documents that risk-preferences of military-connected firms will be drastically changed when the industry has a high digital level, which confirms that risk-averse military-experienced management is less dominant with adaptation skill. The authors also identify that veterans did not need a long tenure to influence firms' innovation investment policy. Lastly, the result is robust due to various endogeneity tests employed.Originality/valueThis study further examines military-connected firms' technological innovation compared to prior studies and enriches the related literature.

Choice Behavior in Innovation Exchange Between Buyers and Sellers

This article extends the research on Behavioral Supply Management, and specifically characterizes the decision to exchange supplier–developed innovations. For the innovation exchange to take place, both actors in the dyad must actually make the decision to exchange an innovation with one another. Therefore, buyers’ as well as suppliers’ decision making are part of this research. The decision to exchange innovation is highly relevant, as innovations play an increasingly important role in business research. The applied methodology is a mouse-lab process-tracing experiment. The study is based on computer cursor moving and click data from 658 managers. As the conceptualized decision situation is highly specific, practitioners can build upon their business experience and are the experiment respondents. The sample includes buyer and supplier sub-groups. We differentiate our findings based on innovation intensity (i.e., incremental vs. disruptive innovations). The findings show that the intensity of an innovation does not imply different decision-making per se, although distinguishing incremental from disruptive innovation is often proposed. Furthermore, the relevance of exclusiveness (i.e., a buyer has exclusive access to a supplier’s innovation) is of minor relevance for the supplier but also for the buyer, even when these innovations are disruptive. Finally, the intensity of innovations is only relevant in high-quality buyer–supplier relationships. Under these circumstances, decision makers show irrational behavior, as they prefer alternatives with low economic benefits. That aspect points to the identification of relational decision traps and other theoretical and managerial implications.

Development of Methodology Successful Realization of the Teaching Process

This paper presents the development of a methodology for successful reali- zation of the teaching process and an example of its application in ICS area of Information Technology (IT), ICS1 = 35 whereby ICS areas are assigned measurable quantitative indicators of innovation. The study presents the research results of the innovation intensity of knowledge which are highly significant for teaching process quality improvement on the ISO and SRPS plat- forms. At the very beginning of every teaching process there is a need to select suitable methods for performing teaching in such a way that it is in accordance with objectives of that teaching process. In addition, the teaching process can be maximally adjusted ‒ or kept unchanged, as much as possible ‒ in accordance with numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as: students’ basic pre-knowledge and motivation, their both general and specific abilities (space, library and other facilities), as well as the application of IT. The results of continuous innovation and the determination of innovation in teaching process have been focused on in the examples of area IT. In this paper, a model for the assessment of the effectiveness of a teaching method has been given based on measuring students’ previous knowledge. If several different methods of realization can be applied in a teaching process, then a possibility to perform the assessment for each of these methods, prior to the beginning of the teaching process, is viable. In this manner, a methodology that yields good results at the end of teaching process, viewed from aspect of knowledge acquired by students, can be determined.

Characteristics of Services and Interdependency between Export and Innovation Intensity in the Sector of the Business Services

In this chapter, we study services and their unique characteristics. We focus on characteristics of services, such as intangibility, immateriality; invisibility; perishability; temporary existence, sensitivity on time; non storability; inseparability; lack of inventory; sensibility of quality control; high degree of risk or difficulty in experimentation; no return possibility at un-satisfaction; customisation requirements; different distribution channels; and no rivalry. We also analyse the relations between exports, investments in development and innovation activities of Slovene business services sectors in two statistically different periods (2002-2008 and 2010-2016). A two-step approach to examine the firms’ performance in the selected business non-financial services sectors was applied. First, we used Simple Probit model, and in the second step, Simultaneous Probit model was used. The preliminary results suggest that the investment in R&D activities encourages export behaviour and that the export behaviour encourages investment in R&D activities.