Anatomical Variation in the Fissurization of Lung with Embryological and Clinical correlations- A Case Report

Lungs are paired conical organs present in the thoracic cavity, which are responsible for gaseous exchange for oxygenation of blood. Both the lungs are divided into lobes by fissures. The right lung is divided into upper, middle and lower lobes by two fissures. The fissures are horizontal and oblique fissure whereas the left lung is divided into upper and lower lobes by oblique fissure. The left lung is divided into upper and lower lobe by oblique fissure. Both the lungs have ten bronchopulmonary segments (structurally separate and functionally independent units). Embryological evidence showed that the lungs developed from the endodermal counterpart of the foregut. Around 22 days of embryonic period, diverticulum are develop, then between 26-28 days lung buds develop. The right bronchial buds and left bronchial buds are branched into secondary and tertiary buds at 5th and 6th week of embryonic life consecutively. During routine anatomy dissection and demonstration in the Department of Anatomy, a 50 year old male cadaver showed anatomical variation in the right lung. The present study observed that the right lung showed partial horizontal fissure. The reason for partial or incomplete fissure formation is due to incomplete or absence of obliteration of prenatal fissure which indicates partial fusion of lobes, generally fissures separating the broncho-pulmonary segments in prenatal life. The reports says that incomplete fissures of the lung may lead to spread of infection like pneumonia to adjacent lobe and collapse in endobronchial lesions and gradation of the fissures of the lungs are very important for lung surgeries. The present study concludes that the knowledge of anatomical variation of lung is of utmost important in the field of pulmonary medicine.

Stress-strain state and stability of the Unglichikan open pit walls

Research objective is to identify the features of stress-strained state development and estimate the stability of Unglichikan open pit walls and dump slopes based on calculation, analysis, and estimation with the certified finite element method GenIDE32. The introduction describes features of research object location natural-technogenic conditions and geological history of rocks building up the research object. Research relevance is due to complex solution to deep and high mountain structures design problems, account for construction technologies, and stress-strained state and elements stability determination. Methods of the stress-strained state numerical calculation, analysis, and estimation for the “structure– geological environment” system consists in using all tools of the program’s interface, namely, values, value levels, isolines and graphs for different quantities, including the graphs of stress-strained state behavior trajectories in the space of the stress tensor invariants and relative strains. Results of calculation are presented as the program’s capabilities in graphic representation of the sequential development of mudslides in open pit walls and dump slopes with vertical fissures. Colors of magnitude levels specify the contours of mudslides, while the corresponding shading of finite elements indicates the fissure formation sites. Conclusions. Calculation results proved the stability of the mountain structures for the selected size dimensions of open pit walls and dump slopes.

Deep learning and cross-species analysis identify the influences of sex and cannabinoid signaling on cerebellar vermis morphology

The cerebellum is the only folded cortical structure present in both rodents and humans, potentially allowing mechanistic studies across species. We trained a deep convolutional neural network to predict biological sex from midline cerebellar MRI images, and identified anterior midvermis lobules and white matter as morphological determinants of sex by heatmap backpropagation. Our comparative cross species analysis shows that in mice, like in humans, the extent of anterior vermis folding and the shapes of white matter exhibit sex-dependent differences. In both species, sex and anterior vermis folding patterns influence hand/forelimb dexterity, nevertheless, neither sex nor the extent of folding are good predictors of an individual′s behavior, because the variability in performance between individuals is far greater than the differences between conditions. Finally, utilizing mice constitutively lacking CB1 cannabinoid receptors, we identify developmental cannabinoid signaling as a novel molecular mechanism limiting secondary fissure formation.

Episodes of fissure formation in the Alps: connecting quartz fluid inclusion, fissure monazite age, and fissure orientation data

Fluid assisted Alpine fissure-vein and cleft formation starts at prograde, peak or retrograde metamorphic conditions of 450–550 °C and 0.3–0.6 GPa and below, commonly at conditions of ductile to brittle rock deformation. Early-formed fissures become overprinted by subsequent deformation, locally leading to a reorientation. Deformation that follows fissure formation initiates a cycle of dissolution, dissolution/reprecipitation or new growth of fissure minerals enclosing fluid inclusions. Although fissures in upper greenschist and amphibolite facies rocks predominantly form under retrograde metamorphic conditions, this work confirms that the carbon dioxide fluid zone correlates with regions of highest grade Alpine metamorphism, suggesting carbon dioxide production by prograde devolatilization reactions and rock-buffering of the fissure-filling fluid. For this reason, fluid composition zones systematically change in metamorphosed and exhumed nappe stacks from diagenetic to amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks from saline fluids dominated by higher hydrocarbons, methane, water and carbon dioxide. Open fissures are in most cases oriented roughly perpendicular to the foliation and lineation of the host rock. The type of fluid constrains the habit of the very frequently crystallizing quartz crystals. Open fissures also form in association with more localized strike-slip faults and are oriented perpendicular to the faults. The combination of fissure orientation, fissure quartz fluid inclusion and fissure monazite-(Ce) (hereafter monazite) Th–Pb ages shows that fissure formation occurred episodically (1) during the Cretaceous (eo-Alpine) deformation cycle in association with exhumation of the Austroalpine Koralpe-Saualpe region (~ 90 Ma) and subsequent extensional movements in association with the formation of the Gosau basins (~ 90–70 Ma), (2) during rapid exhumation of high-pressure overprinted Briançonnais and Piemontais units (36–30 Ma), (3) during unroofing of the Tauern and Lepontine metamorphic domes, during emplacement and reverse faulting of the external Massifs (25–12 Ma; except Argentera) and due to local dextral strike-slip faulting in association with the opening of the Ligurian sea, and (4) during the development of a young, widespread network of ductile to brittle strike-slip faults (12–5 Ma).

Intermediate Dynamic Compression and Decreased Posterior Tilt With Interlocked Pins in Femoral Neck Fixation in Synthetic Bone

Fixation failure with resulting non-union is the key complication after femoral neck fixation. It can be avoided by permitting dynamic compression and reducing rotation and posterior tilt of the femoral head. To achieve this, a novel implant that features an interlocking plate with three hook-pins (The Hansson Pinloc® System) was developed from the original two hook-pins. Only an enhanced torsional fixation by the implant modification is reported. The purpose was to compare the biomechanical compressive and bending stability of the original and modified implant in femoral neck fixation. To analyze the contribution of both modified components, three individual pins were included, although not in regular use. Forty-eight synthetic femurs with mid-cervical wedge osteotomies were fixated by two pins or identical triangular pin patterns with or without the plate. Eight specimens of each group were loaded cyclically in compression with an inferior wedge to simulate stance and anteroposterior bending with a posterior wedge to imitate sitting down. The clinically relevant stability measurements were stiffness and deformation. Fissure formation defined failure. The novel implant improved bending stability by 30% increased stiffness, 44% reduced deformation, and less frequent posterior neck fissure formation (p < 0.001) while increased compressive stability was only evident with 25% reduced deformation and less frequent inferior neck fissures (p < 0.001). These impacts were mainly mediated by the third pin, while the plate prevented a lateral fissure in compression (p < 0.001). The clinical stability was improved by dynamic compression and decreased posterior tilt by implant modification.

Validating the Glass Transition Hypothesis in Explaining Fissure Formation in Rough Rice Kernels During the Drying Process

HighlightsX-ray imaging allows visualization of the fissuring that occurs at various drying air conditions.Drying air conditions that create severe intra-kernel material state gradients during drying result in kernel fissuring.The glass transition hypothesis was validated for explaining the fissuring of rice kernels during drying.Abstract. Fissured rice kernels tend to break during milling, leading to milling yield reductions. A hypothesis involving changes in material state properties has been proposed to predict kernel fissuring during the drying process. The hypothesis, referred to as the glass transition hypothesis, has been used to explain kernel fissuring during the drying process and has been supported by various milling studies. However, this hypothesis has not been validated from a fundamental fissuring standpoint. In this study, experiments were performed using drying air temperatures of 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, 60°C, and 65°C with relative humidity values that produced equilibrium moisture contents (EMCs) of 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 14%. These EMCs would position the kernel surface at select regions on a rice material state diagram during drying. At the end of active drying, the kernels were tempered for 2 h at the drying air temperature. Fissures were viewed and detected in these kernels using X-ray imaging. Drying air temperature and EMC combinations that caused sufficient portions of the kernel surface to transition to the glassy region while the core remained in the rubbery region caused severe intra-kernel material state gradients. Such intra-kernel material state gradients caused severe fissuring, thus supporting the glass transition hypothesis in explaining fissure formation. At drying air temperature and EMC combinations that did not cause severe intra-kernel material state gradients, severe fissuring was averted, thus further supporting the glass transition hypothesis. Keywords: Glass transition hypothesis, Material state, Rice quality, State diagram, Tempering, X-ray imaging.

Cenozoic deformation in the Tauern Window (Eastern Alps) constrained by in situ Th-Pb dating of fissure monazite

Thorium–lead (Th-Pb) crystallization ages of hydrothermal monazites from the western, central and eastern Tauern Window provide new insights into Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Tauern metamorphic dome. Growth domain crystallization ages range from 21.7 ± 0.4 to 10.0 ± 0.2 Ma. Three major periods of monazite growth are recorded between ∼ 22–20 (peak at 21 Ma), 19–15 (major peak at 17 Ma) and 14–10 Ma (major peak around 12 Ma), respectively, interpreted to be related to prevailing N–S shortening, in association with E–W extension, beginning strike-slip movements and reactivation of strike-slip faulting. Fissure monazite ages largely overlap with zircon and apatite fission track data. Besides tracking the thermal evolution of the Tauern dome, monazite dates reflect episodic tectonic movement along major shear zones that took place during the formation of the dome. Geochronological and structural data from the Pfitschtal area in the western Tauern Window show the existence of two cleft generations separated in time by 4 Ma and related to strike-slip to oblique-slip faulting. Moreover, these two phases overprint earlier phases of fissure formation. Highlights. In situ dating of hydrothermal monazite-(Ce). New constraints on the exhumation of the Tauern metamorphic dome. Distinct tectonic pulses recorded from east to west.

Cenozoic deformation in the Tauern Window (Eastern Alps, Austria) constrained by in-situ Th-Pb dating of fissure monazite

Thorium-Pb crystallization ages of hydrothermal monazites from the western, central and eastern Tauern Window provide new insights into Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Tauern metamorphic dome. Growth domain crystallization ages range from 22.3 ± 0.6 Ma to 7.7 ± 0.9 Ma. Three major periods of monazite growth are recorded between ~ 22–19 (peak at 21 Ma), 19–15 (major peak at 17 Ma) and 13–8 Ma (major peaks at 12, 10 and 8 Ma), respectively interpreted to be related to prevailing N-S shortening, in association with E-W extension, beginning strike-slip movements, and reactivation of strike-slip faulting. Fissure monazite ages largely overlap with zircon and apatite fission tracks data. Besides tracking the thermal evolution of the Tauern dome, monazite dates reflect episodic tectonic movement along major shear zones that took place during the formation of the dome. Geochronological and structural data from the Pfitschtal area in the western Tauern Window show the existence of two cleft generations separated in time by 4 Ma and related to strike-slip to oblique-slip faulting. Moreover, these two phases overprint earlier phases of fissure formation.

Opposite regulation of Wnt/β-catenin and Shh signaling pathways by Rack1 controls mammalian cerebellar development

The development of the cerebellum depends on intricate processes of neurogenesis, migration, and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and progenitor cells. Defective cerebellar development often results in motor dysfunctions and psychiatric disorders. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the complex development of the cerebellum will facilitate the development of novel treatment options. Here, we report that the receptor for activated C kinase (Rack1), a multifaceted signaling adaptor protein, regulates mammalian cerebellar development in a cell type-specific manner. Selective deletion of Rack1 in mouse NSCs or granule neuron progenitors (GNPs), but not Bergmann glial cells (BGs), causes severe defects in cerebellar morphogenesis, including impaired folia and fissure formation. NSCs and GNPs lacking Rack1 exhibit enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling but reduced Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Simultaneous deletion of β-catenin in NSCs, but not GNPs, significantly rescues theRack1mutant phenotype. Interestingly, Rack1 controls the activation of Shh signaling by regulating the ubiquitylation and stability of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1)/HDAC2. Suppression of HDAC1/HDAC2 activity in the developing cerebellum phenocopies theRack1mutant. Together, these results reveal a previously unknown role of Rack1 in controlling mammalian cerebellar development by opposite regulation of Wnt/β-catenin and Shh signaling pathways.