Variation in negation in Seto

Seto is an exceptional language in the Uralic family due to its systematic use of postverbal negation, although preverbal and double negation marking are also used. Postverbal negation is still the most frequent and unmarked pattern occurring in about 74% of negative clauses in Seto. This paper analyzes variation between pre- and postverbal negation in East Seto (spoken in present-day Russia), based on data gathered during fieldwork trips in 2010–2013. By applying quantitative methods that are used in variationist studies (regression modelling, conditional inference trees, and random forests), we determine the variables affecting the choice between pre- and postverbal negation. Marked preverbal negation occurs more likely with first and third person, cognition verbs, and present tense, all of which are often used in fixed expressions like I don’t know. We also found a strong structural persistence effect in the data and remarkable differences between individual speakers.

Usage Patterns and Meanings of High-Frequency English Verbs: A Multi-Word Expression Approach to Japanese High School EFL Textbook Analysis

This article aims to classify the overall uses of high-frequency English verbs in a novel methodology from both a pattern and meaning perspective, which has not be done in previous studies, with special reference to TAKE and MAKE. In the pattern-based analysis, all occurrences of these two verbs were collected from Japanese EFL textbook corpus, and the usage patterns of the extracted two target verbs were categorized into three major multi-word expression types: phrasal verbs, grammatical collocations, and lexical collocations. To further investigate the patterns of uses, some multi-word units consisting of three to seven words were identified as either semi-fixed expressions or fixed expressions. After the pattern-based classification, all the multi-word expressions identified were analyzed from a semantic perspective. This analysis revealed the new finding that all uses of TAKE (352) and MAKE (374) obtained from the corpus could be successfully classified into the three major multi-word expression categories. With respect to the pattern, the proportion of major multi-word expression categories showed similar results; lexical collocations were the most frequent, and phrasal verbs were the least frequent in both target verbs’ usage. In terms of meanings, the uses of TAKE were classified in a larger number of semantic categories (42) than MAKE (25). The obtained results have an implication that the novel methodology employed in this study is a valid way to the further investigation of the usage of high-frequency English verbs.

Transformations of phraseological units in Russian and Slovak advertising slogans

The paper presents the problem of transformations of phraseological units in modern Russian and Slovak advertising slogans. The primary task of the advertising slogan is to attract the attention of the recipient, to interest a potential buyer, to motivate him to buy certain products. When classical linguistic means and techniques turn out to be ineffective or outdated, the creators of advertising slogans resort to various transformations of the existing material well-known to a certain society, word play and other experiments with language. Transformation of phraseological units is a justified, effective and highly relevant method of attracting attention in various spheres of communication (media, fiction, Internet, blogs, advertising, politics, etc.). This technique has occupied the dominant position in advertising for more than a decade, since fixed expressions or allusions to them appeal to the wisdom of the nation, its origins, and evoke positive images in memory. The purpose of this article is to identify the transformations of phraseological units in advertising using the example of two Slavic languages, to analyse specific examples of transformations created by Russian and Slovak authors, to consider the methods of creating such transformations, to note their features and to draw appropriate conclusions.

THE TRANSLATION OF FIXED EXPRESSION FROM FRENCH TO INDONESIAN IN 'MADAME BOVARY' NOVEL

A fixed expression is a combination of words that has a stylistic value. The meaning of a fixed expression should be understood from the whole parts and cannot be identified from each of the constituent separately. This study aimed to identify the techniques used to translate French fixed expressions to Indonesian language based on the theory of translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2004). It applied descriptive-qualitative method focusing on equivalence in translation. The data collection was carried out by finding the metaphorical suites of words in Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary novel and their equivalents in its Indonesian version Nyonya Bovary. The results showed that, in total, there are three different techniques used by the translator in translating the fixed expressions in the novel. Out of 73 fixed expressions, 61 were translated by modulation, 8 by discursive creation and only 4 by transposition. This article is expected to give contribution to the studies of translation in general and translation of fixed expressions from French to Indonesian, in particular.

FRANSUZ MATBUOTIDA FRAZEOLOGIK BIRLIKLARNING ISHLATILISHI

Phraseology is the focus of many linguists, and scholars who have studied the field have differing views on phraseological units. Phraseology is the study of set or fixed expressions, such as idioms, phrasal verbs, and other types of multi-word lexical units , in which the component parts of the expression take on a meaning more specific than or otherwise not predictable from the sum of their meanings when used independently. This article focuses on the semantic-pragmatic analysis of phraseological units commonly used in the French press.

Phraseological Units With Cardinal Numeral Component in the English Language

Without the description of the quantitative definiteness of the reality neither knowledge, nor human practice, nor communication is possible. In English the means of expressing ideas of quantity penetrate all the levels of language structure, phraseology as well. The purpose of the article is to investigate phraseological units with cardinal numerals in the English language. The article is focused on semantic analysis of 65 phraseological units with cardinal numeral component in the English language collected from the English phraseological dictionaries by several authors. There is always a special interest in linguistics to numerical phraseological units. Phraseological studies possess great significance as it displays the interrelation between the language and the society. Numerals take active part in the formation of phraseological units thus creating a large phraseological layer. Fixed expressions with cardinal numerals are more numerous in number than those with ordinal ones and include expressions with a wide range of numerals such as two, four, five, six, eight, fifty, hundred, thousand. They are commonly used in phraseological units to form a ‘human’ concept. The results of the investigation showed that the numbers one and two are the most productive numbers in the English phraseological units. The numbers one, three, six, nine and ten are used in different senses in these set expressions. The numbers seven and eight are unproductive in the English language. The results of this work can be used for further studying the semantics of numerals in phraseological units and identifying of phraseological units with a numeral component.

As lost as a pun in a corpus: an investigation into noncanonical phraseological occurrences in large corpora and translation

Although it might appear contradictory to investigate noncanonical phraseological combinations in corpora, corpus linguistics research has revealed that they exceed canonical forms in number (Philip 2008). This paper intends to discuss the idea of fixedness by analyzing variant forms of idioms, and if they qualify as wordplay. The Web, our data source, is employed for collecting such noncanonical occurrences in both English and Portuguese using keywords on the Google Search Engine. Our discussion mainly draws on studies relating to fixed phrases (Kjellmer 1991; Granger & Paquot 2008; Tagnin 2013); phraseological skeletons (Renouf & Sinclair 1991; Philip 2008), and idiom transformations (Veisbergs 1997; Barta 2005). Due attention is also given to search queries of nonstandard forms of fixed expressions in corpora (Philip 2008), and the translation of idiom-based wordplay (Veisbergs 1997; Brezolin 2020)

The Using the Words HEAD, HEART and HAND in Arabic Idioms and How to Render their Meanings into English

Translation is the process of rendering a unit from one language (Source Language) into another (Target Language). When it comes to idioms (fixed expressions consisting of two words or more giving a meaning different from the meaning of the individual words), the translators are going to face a number of troubles. This study focuses on translating the Arabic idioms that contain the words HEAD, HEART or HHAND. The methodology of this study is based on a number of statements collected verbally or through written texts and expressing the meaning by paraphrasing them. The results show that none of the Arabic idioms used in this study have equivalences in English language and so, what is shown are the paraphrased meaning for each. Key words: translation, idiom, paraphrasing.