Section 5. Tables of Suggested Water Chemistry Targets

Consensus water chemistry controls for the six types of steam generator systems are presented in Tables 1 through 7. The tabulated information is categorized according to operating pressure ranges because this is the prime factor that dictates the type of internal water chemistry employed, the normal cycles of feedwater concentration, the silica volatility, and the carryover tendency. The difference between steam and water densities decreases with increasing pressure and temperature; therefore, separating the steam/water phases completely in the boiler drum becomes increasingly difficult to achieve. Since the tendency to carryover is greater at higher operating pressures, it is necessary to maintain lower boiler water contaminant concentrations to meet the same steam purity target.

Internal water resources of Azerbaijan - rivers, lakes, their goods and geographical locations

The article discusses the existing inland water resources in Azerbaijan. As a result of scientific research, it is known that all the rivers of Azerbaijan belong to the Caspian Sea, which is an inland basin, and the number is 8359. Drawing attention to the formation of Azerbaijan's internal water resources, the author notes that these waters were formed over a long geological period, depending on climatic and relief conditions. The article notes that the rivers, which are considered to be the most important element of sand water, are divided into three groups according to the source of food and the direction of flow. It is grouped as a temporary river flowing directly into the Caspian Sea, belonging to the Kura River basin and Absheron-Gobustan. When discussing the reasons for the formation of some rivers, it is shown that the rivers flowing through the area formed canyon-shaped valleys as they passed through the soft, easily washed rocks of the Cretaceous and Jurassic periods of the Mesozoic era. The Tangi gorge, a tributary of the Valvalachay, was formed for this reason. In addition to rivers, natural water resources include lakes. Depending on the natural and geographical conditions of the area where the lakes are located, the origin of the depression, they are subject to various physicochemical and hydrological features. Key words: Azerbaijan, geographical location, water resources, rivers, lakes, river mouth, source of water resources

Multifunctional cargo and freight lines: prerequisites, history, perspectives and technological highlights of new concepts

The task of inclusion of internal water transport into multimodal transport schemas of freight and passenger transportation now becomes a special actuality, what dictate the need for the search of adequate transport and technological solutions. The article deals with the main challenges und trends in connection with the results of the international and domestic shipping in 2020. With reference to the analysis of domestic and foreign experiences the article deals with the advantages of the modern modification of the concept of the “cargo and passenger” ship with horizontal loading that proved itself from the end of the 19th century. In the opinion of the authors the introduction of multifunctional ferry und transport logistical systems will promote the gradual integration of the river into the delivery process of high tarificatetd freights and return automobile transport in his usual segment of middle distance transportation in the season of peak traffic.

Exploring Environmental Factors That Drive Diel Variations in Tree Water Storage Using Wavelet Analysis

Internal water storage within trees can be a critical reservoir that helps trees overcome both short- and long-duration environmental stresses. We monitored changes in internal tree water storage in a ponderosa pine on daily and seasonal scales using moisture probes, a dendrometer, and time-lapse electrical resistivity imaging (ERI). These data were used to investigate how patterns of in-tree water storage are affected by changes in sapflow rates, soil moisture, and meteorologic factors such as vapor pressure deficit. Measurements of xylem fluid electrical conductivity were constant in the early growing season while inverted sapwood electrical conductivity steadily increased, suggesting that increases in sapwood electrical conductivity did not result from an increase in xylem fluid electrical conductivity. Seasonal increases in stem electrical conductivity corresponded with seasonal increases in trunk diameter, suggesting that increased electrical conductivity may result from new growth. On the daily scale, changes in inverted sapwood electrical conductivity correspond to changes in sapwood moisture. Wavelet analyses indicated that lag times between inverted electrical conductivity and sapflow increased after storm events, suggesting that as soils wetted, reliance on internal water storage decreased, as did the time required to refill daily deficits in internal water storage. We found short time lags between sapflow and inverted electrical conductivity with dry conditions, when ponderosa pine are known to reduce stomatal conductance to avoid xylem cavitation. A decrease in diel amplitudes of inverted sapwood electrical conductivity during dry periods suggest that the ponderosa pine relied on internal water storage to supplement transpiration demands, but as drought conditions progressed, tree water storage contributions to transpiration decreased. Time-lapse ERI- and wavelet-analysis results highlight the important role internal tree water storage plays in supporting transpiration throughout a day and during periods of declining subsurface moisture.