Capillary flow experiments for thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of protein liquid-liquid phase separation

Liquid-liquid phase separation or LLPS of proteins is a field of mounting importance and the value of quantitative kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of LLPS is increasingly recognized. We present a method, Capflex, which allows rapid and accurate quantification of key parameters for LLPS: Dilute phase concentration, relative droplet size distributions, and the kinetics of droplet formation and maturation into amyloid fibrils. The binding affinity between the polypeptide undergoing LLPS and LLPS-modulating compounds can also be determined. We apply Capflex to characterize the LLPS of Human DEAD-box helicase-4 and the coacervate system ssDNA/RP3. Furthermore, we study LLPS and the aberrant liquid-to-solid phase transition of α-synuclein. We quantitatively measure the decrease in dilute phase concentration as the LLPS of α-synuclein is followed by the formation of Thioflavin-T positive amyloid aggregates. The high information content, throughput and the versatility of Capflex makes it a valuable tool for characterizing biomolecular LLPS.

Composition Materials With Metal Matrix Condensed from the Vapor Phase

In this article, the present-day problems of microporous condensed materials obtained from the vapor phase are discussed. The pore sizes are regulated by the amount of the second phase concentration and the deposition temperature. The oxides, fluorides, and sulfides can be used as the second phase and non-removable inclusions. The open porosity can be regulated from 0% to 50 %of the porosity and with average porose sizes of 0.1 to 8 µm. The condensed micro-porous materials can be deposited in coating form or the form of massive bulk sheet materials with a thickness of up to 6 mm and a diameter of 1m.

Numerical Simulation on Gas-Solid Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Pneumatic Conveying Pipe Based on DPM Model

The determination of pipe deposition and optimum conveying velocity in pneumatic conveying has an important impact on conveying efficiency. The Euler-Lagrange method DPM model is used to analyse five different particle sizes and densities of small particles, and the flow pattern in the horizontal pipeline at different particle sizes and densities is derived from the graphs of the maximum discrete phase concentration, particle trajectory and discrete phase concentration distribution for each working condition. The simulation results show that the deposition increases with particle size and density, the optimum conveying speed increases with particle size and density, the larger the deposition, the larger the required conveying velocity. The velocity of 2 m/s can make the particles below 20μm suspended transport, the velocity of 4 m/s allows particles with a particle size of 30μm and a density of 1000 kg/m3 or less to be transported in suspension and 6 m/s allows particles with a density of 2000 kg/m3 or less to be transported in suspension. The aim is to provide a reference for the design of pneumatic conveying systems and the selection of the optimum conveying velocity.

Pengaruh Berbagai Parameter Ekstraksi dalam Pemisahan Unsur Tanah Jarang dengan Metode Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM)

<p>Unsur Tanah Jarang (UTJ) adalah 15 elemen kelompok lantanida, ditambah skandium dan itrium yang termasuk kelompok aktinida. UTJ memiliki banyak manfaat di berbagai bidang. Sifat fisik dan kimia yang mirip antar UTJ membuatnya sulit dipisahkan sehingga pemisahan UTJ menarik dipelajari dengan berbagai macam metode, salah satunya adalah dengan menggunakan <em>Emulsion Liquid Membrane </em>(ELM). ELM merupakan metode pemisahan yang dikembangkan dari ekstraksi pelarut terdiri dari tiga fase, yaitu fase eksternal (fase umpan) yang berisi UTJ yang akan dipisahkan, fase internal (fase pengupasan), dan fase membran. Fase membran berisi surfaktan sebagai penstabil dan ligan yang akan membentuk kompleks dengan UTJ pada antarmuka fase umpan dan membawanya berdifusi ke dalam fase pengupasan. ELM merupakan metode efektif untuk pemisahan karena tahap ekstraksi dan pengupasan (<em>stripping</em>) terjadi secara bersamaan dalam satu tahap dan fase membrannya dapat digunakan kembali. Pemisahan UTJ menggunakan metode ELM dengan berbagai ligan, seperti D2EHPA, Cyanex 572, P204, dan (RO)2P(O)OPh-COOH dipengaruhi oleh berbagai parameter, seperti konsentrasi ligan, pH fase umpan, waktu pengadukan ekstraksi, kecepatan pengadukan ekstraksi, rasio fase umpan, konsentrasi fase pengupasan, konsentrasi surfaktan, dan konsentrasi fase umpan. Parameter tersebut diseleksi untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimum sehingga meningkatkan efisiensi ekstraksi dan pengupasan yang berbeda.</p><p><strong>Effect of Various Parameters in Separation of Rare Earth Elements using the Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) Method. </strong>Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are 15 elements of the lanthanide group, plus scandium and yttrium, which belong to the actinide group. REEs have many benefits in various fields. Similar physical and chemical properties between REEs make it difficult to separate, thus REEs separation is interesting to study by various methods, one of which is by using an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). ELM is a method developed from solvent extraction consisting of three phases: the external phase (feed phase) which contains REEs to be collected, the internal phase (stripping phase), and the membrane phase. The membrane phase contains surfactants as stabilizers and ligands which will form complexes with REEs in the feed phase and are designed to diffuse into the stripping phase. ELM is an effective method to involve because extraction and stripping occur together in one glass and the membrane phase can be reused. Separation of REEs using the ELM method with various ligands, such as D2EHPA, Cyanex 572, P204, and (RO)2P(O)OPh-COOH influenced by various parameters, such as ligand concentration, feed phase pH, extraction stirring time, extraction stirring speed, feed phase ratio, stripping phase concentration, surfactant concentration, and feed phase concentration. These parameters are selected to obtain optimum conditions thereby increasing the efficiency of different extraction and stripping.</p><p> </p>