Determining Factors of Fraud in Local Government

The objectives of this research are to analyze determining factors of fraud in local government. This study used internal control effectiveness, compliance with accounting rules, compensation compliance, and unethical behavior as an independent variable, while fraud as the dependent variable. The research was conducted at Bantul local government (OPD). The sample of this research were 86 respondents. The sample uses a purposive sampling method. The respondent data is analyzed with multiple linear regression. The results showed: Internal control effectiveness has an impact on fraud. Compliance with accounting rules does not affect fraud. Compensations compliance does not affect fraud. Unethical behavior has an impact on fraud.

PENGARUH KEEFEKTIFAN PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL, ASIMETRI INFORMASI, KESESUAIAN KOMPENSASI DAN KETAATAN ATURAN AKUNTANSI TERHADAP KECENDERUNGAN KECURANGAN AKUNTANSI (Studi Kasus pada OPD Kabupaten Kendal)

This study aims to test the effectiveness of internal control, information asymmetry, suitability of compensation and compliance of accounting rules against tendencies of accounting fraud. This study used quantitative methods with primary data obtained directly from respondents’s answer to questionnaries. The population in this study is all the authorities and responsible for the use of budgeted fubds, accounting implementes and people whose duties are related to the preparation of financial statements and accountability reports ini OPD Kendal Regency. This study used purposive sampling method with 66 respondents as the sample. The data analysis method used in this study was multiple linear regression analysis with IBM SPSS Statistics 21. The results of this research showed that (1) The effectiveness of internal control has a significant effect on the tendency of accounting fraud, (2) Information asymmetry has a significant effect on the tendency of accounting fraud, (3) The suitability of compensation has no significant effect on the tendency of accounting fraud, (4) Compliance of accounting rules has no significant effect on the tendency of accounting fraud, (5) Effectiveness of internal control, information asymmetry, the suitability of compensation and the observance of accounting rules simultaneously have a significant effect on the tendency of accounting fraud.

Environmental Impacts of Electricity from Incineration and Gasification: How the LCA Approach Can Affect the Results

Waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies can offer sustainable solutions for waste, which can no more be reused or recycled, such as the part of municipal solid waste (MSW) that is not suitable for recycling processes. This study focused on the environmental consequences of the production of electricity from incineration and gasification of MSW. To this aim, the standardised life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used. A life cycle inventory, mainly composed by primary data, is provided. Starting from these data, different highly shared LCA approaches were used to calculate the potential impacts of 1 kWh provided by the two analysed WtE technologies. The different approaches concern the method of accounting for the by-products (through an economic allocation and a system expansion) and the inclusion/exclusion of environmental benefits due to the avoided landfill for the MSW. For each approach, impact-assessment results were calculated with the ReCiPe midpoint (H) method. A comparison was carried out (i) between the results obtained for the same WtE technology but calculated with different approaches and (ii) between the impact results of electricity generated by the two WtE technologies calculated with the same approach. From the study, it emerged that, according to the accounting rules, the impact results can significantly change and, for some impact categories, even lead to opposite conclusions. In the absence of category rules that harmonise the environmental assessments of WtE processes, it is therefore recommended that the development/use/reproduction/comparison of studies focused on the valorisation of waste should be carried out with caution.

Changing of Currency Exchange and Its Harmony with Accounting Iraq’s Rules and International Accounting

The aim of the study was how the harmony between the Iraqi accounting rules and international standards and is there a difference between rule and the standard, which has been the International Standard No. (21) the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and conduct a comparative analysis with the Iraqi accounting rules rule number (4) the effects of changing prices in foreign currencies have reached your search several conclusions the most important of the existence of a gap between the accounting Qaeda applicable between the international standard requirements represented by failure to disclose the change in the classification of foreign operations and export rules Iraqi accounting without cause by sufficient explanations and cases of practical application of some processors contained therein leading to interpretations and opinions of personality.

Modern features of accounting for borrowing costs

Accounting for borrowing costs is undoubtedly relevant for many modern organizations. It should be noted that from this year a new federal public finance accounting standard (FAS PF) “Borrowing costs” came into force. This standard establishes updated accounting rules for borrowing costs for state (municipal) budgetary and autonomous institutions (including healthcare institutions). These rules are analyzed in this article. The research methods were analysis and synthesis, grouping method, comparison, analogy method, logical approach, systemic approach. On the basis of the research carried out, the article systematizes the types and definitions of borrowing costs provided for by the above-named federal standard. As a result, the author presents a categorical apparatus in the indicated area. In addition, the article analyzes the most important features of accounting for borrowing costs and provides examples that explain these features. The results of the study can be useful to a wide range of readers interested in the problems of modern accounting, including accounting for borrowing costs of state (municipal) budgetary and autonomous institutions (in particular, healthcare institutions), and can also be applied in the practical work of the accounting departments of these institutions and in higher education process.

Deferred expenses in accounting (financial) reporting: The current status

Subject. This article examines the current state of formation and disclosure of information on expenses of future periods in the accounting (financial) statements of top commercial organizations in Russia. Objectives. The article aims to study the current practice of forming information on expenses of future periods in the accounting and reporting of organizations engaged in various activities, identify the peculiarities of information presentation, and solve the identified problems. Methods. For the study, I used a comparative analysis, observation, comparison, generalization, and systematization. Results. Having considered the practices of presenting information on deferred expenses in the financial statements of the top Russian organizations for 2020, compiled in accordance with the Russian accounting rules, the article substantiates that the expenses of future periods (or deferred expenses) are a special object of accounting due to their uniqueness and information capability. Recognition of such expenses in accounting and reporting is possible if they lead to the receipt of income during several reporting periods. Conclusions. Currently, the presentation of information on deferred expenditures in the accounting (financial) statements causes many problems, for the structure and content of expenses of various organizations are heterogeneous, they depend on industry characteristics and professional accounting judgment of reporting accountants.

Study The Link Between Accounting and Taxation Practice in Vietnam

The objective of the study is to analyze and evaluate the link between accounting and taxation through the synthesis of domestic and foreign studies, combined with analysis of specific regulations in Vietnam. The study identifies 11 contents that have an interference between accounting and tax to conduct surveys in enterprises. After analyzing and explaining the survey results, the researcher decides to choose 06 representative contents in choosing the rules according to the level (low, medium, high) to conduct the analysis. The research results show that the tendency to choose to use accounting rules higher than tax rules and the link between accounting and taxation in Vietnam is moving to become more independent. At the same time, large enterprises will prefer the use of accounting rules over tax rules and vice versa for small and medium enterprises. Through the results of this research, policy makers can identify the position of the link between accounting and taxation, and then make decisions to adjust the relationship between accounting and taxation appropriately with the integration and development of Vietnam's economy.

Third sector accounting reform and integrated social accounting for Italian social economy organizations

This paper provides a detailed description of the new Italian social accounting rules and guidelines that the Government issued during the last four years. The application of the new law and guidelines requires new skills and knowledge for implementation. The new skills and knowledge are helpful for large organizations and also for medium and small ones that recognize the importance of using these tools (financial reporting, social reporting, social impact assessment) for improving their efficiency and effectiveness. Integrated social accounting may be helpful in this regard, and as such, the authors pose the research question: Is the integrated social accounting model (ISA model) applicable to the new accounting rules and innovations introduced by the law and guidelines for the Italian third sector entities? Are Italian non-profit organizations ready for these accounting innovations? The authors also pay attention to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 2030) and social impact assessment (SIA). Using the case study method, the authors provide initial evidence from an Italian social economy organization, a food bank, implementing tools of social accounting that consider essential aspects of performance measurement and control and its impact on the economy, society, and the environment.

The Effect of the New Lease Accounting Rules under IFRS 16 on the Financial Reporting of Russian Companies

Renting is an important and widely used financial solution. Many companies rent a significant number of expensive objects, including cars, offices, power plants, retail stores and airplanes. In 2016 the IASB issued a new standard, IFRS 16 «Leases», replacing the old standard on leases, which entered into force on January 1, 2019. The standard did not make significant changes to the method of accounting for landlords, while tenants experienced a serious impact of the new standard. They now recognize almost all leases in the balance sheet by reflecting an asset that represents the right to use it for a certain period of time, and a financial liability. The article presents the results of the analysis of the financial reports prepared according to IFRS of Russian companies, revealing the impact of the introduction into force from 2019. IFRS 16 «Lease». According to the results of the study, it was revealed that the new rules for reporting leased property had a significant impact on the reporting indicators of tenants, reducing their liquidity. In addition, it was found that some companies, based on the specifics of the terms of lease agreements, reflected additional items in the balance sheet asset that disclosed the amounts of deposits and insurance payments.

The European Commission Proposal for a Council Directive on a Common Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) as an Example of Applying Financial Accounting Standards in Taxation on the Corporate Income Tax

This article discloses the conception of CCCTB and the relations between CCCTB and the legal regulation of financial accounting, including an analysis of concrete examples of how financial accounting rules are applied in CCCTB. The research highlights the necessity of applying financial accounting standards in CCCTB.