The Patent Eligibility of 3D Bioprinting: Towards a New Version of Living Inventions’ Patentability

A combination of 3D printing techniques and synthetic biology, 3D bioprinting is a promising field. It is expected that 3D bioprinting technologies will have applications across an array of fields, spanning biotechnology, medical surgery and the pharmaceutical industry. Nonetheless, the progress of these technologies could be hindered, unless there is adequate and effective protection for related applications. In this article, the authors examine the patent eligibility of 3D bioprinting technologies. This issue raises concern given that existing patent systems are generally averse to nature-derived inventions and many of them exclude products of nature or discoveries from patentability. This qualitative study analyses the current patent systems in key jurisdictions, particularly, the U.S. and the EU, and their applicability, as well as effectiveness, in the context of 3D bioprinting. The study argues that the main reason for the apathy of existing patent systems towards bio-inventions is that they were designed to deal with mechanical inventions. It suggests an innovation framework that encompasses both mechanical and biological inventions to cater adequately to emerging technologies.

A Controlled Material Flow Forming Mechanism of Curve Cutter Forging in The Hot Impression Forging of The Medical Instrument

In this study, a forming process during producing medical surgery curve cutter stapler would be tentatively as well as numerically investigated and validated by the simulations. The reasons for the investigation are to find the critical technology of the forming process and to understand this medical tool head forming within the forming process associated with medical surgery curve cutter stapler and improve the traditionally forming process. Moreover, to understand the medical tool head forming, the novel forging process, and the parting line approach are offered and simulated by the FE software QForm, the method data on the medical tool head forging are investigated and compared with the experimental analysis. According to the outcomes of the simulations, the distributions of the forming process, some parameters have been gotten to explain and improve these microscopic phenomena. The precision of the numerical patterns has been confirmed by comparing them with the test dimensions. The offered revised model from the forming preform has been submitted to achieve an alike forging condition when reducing manufacturing cost After the improved method, measure the shrinkage width of the workpiece. Compared with the product of the traditional process, the widest area is 6.37mm shrink to 6.29mm. The shrinkage is about 1%. Compared with the previous result is 5%, the improvement plan has been optimized the outcomes very much.

Design Optimization & Analysis of a Soft Crawling Robot

Soft crawling robots (SCRs) are the kind of robots that use soft and flexible material for motion. These soft robots capable to sustain huge distortions with vast degree-of-freedom which makes them more suitable to be employed in unstructured location compared to the conventional rigid robots. Unlike soft robotics, the conventional rigid robots are capable to be employed in situations where precision is required. However, soft robots are preferable in tight spaces such as in medical surgery and earthquake search and rescue operations due to its flexibility and adaptability capability. In this research, two types of soft robots were design using i.e.: (a) inchworm design and (b) quadrupedal design. The similarities between the inchworm and quadrupedal design are both use pressure input for motion. The SCRs also bend by using the expansion of chambers at their body. Both designs have the same length fixed at 86mm, but with different topology. The design optimization for maximum bending motion with respect to input pressure were evaluated using Finite Element Method (FEM) via Abaqus software, where the results shows that the highest bending was observed for the inchworm design. The maximum bending value (extension) of 130.4 mm was obtained with the optimized parameters set at 4mm base thickness, 5mm chamber gap, and 2mm width for the air chamber, respectively.

Singularity analysis of a 7-DOF spatial hybrid manipulator for medical surgery

This paper presents the singularity analysis of a 7-degrees of freedom (DOF) hybrid manipulator consisting of a closed-loop within it. From the past studies, it is well-known that the kinematic singularities play a significant role in the design and control of robotic manipulators. Kinematic singularities pose two-fold effects – first, they can induce the loss of one or more DOF of the manipulator and cause infinite joint rates at that particular joint, and second, they help to determine the trajectory or zone with high mechanical advantage. In current work, a 7-DOF hybrid manipulator is considered which is being developed at Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research–Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR–CSIO) Chandigarh to assist a surgeon during a medical-surgical task. To emulate the natural motion of a surgeon, the challenging configuration with redundant DOF is utilized. Jacobian has been computed analytically and analyzed at each instantaneous configuration with the evaluation of manipulability. Effect of a closed loop in the hybrid configurations is focused at, and utilizing the contour plots, good and worst working zones are identified in the workspace of the manipulator. The verification and validation of best and worst manipulability points (singularities) are done with the help of genetic algorithms, to determine locally and globally optimal configurations. Finally, on the basis of the singularity analysis, the present work concludes with few guidelines to the surgeon about the best and worst working zones for surgical tasks.

The Effect of Communication, Resources, Disposition And Structure of Bureaucracy on Medical Participation of Men's Operations in City of Bandar Lampung (Study of George Edward III Policy Implementation Model)

The Population and Family Planning Control Office of Bandar Lampung City has implemented a Family Planning Program to reduce birth rates so that population growth in Bandar Lampung is controlled. Since 2009, men and women have had the same rights and position in achieving the success of the Family Planning Program in Bandar Lampung City. But the fact the Family Planning Program in Bandar Lampung City still seems biased to gender, this is evidenced by the achievement of family planning acceptors who are still being majority among women compared to men. KB Male Medical Surgery (MOP) is the male birth control that attains the lowest acceptor and has decreased in five years in the city of Bandar Lampung. Based on the problems obtained in the field, the study wanted to see the influence of communication variables, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure on KB MOP participation in Bandar Lampung City. The independent variable used in this study is the implementation model variable proposed by George Edward III. The method used in this study a descriptive and associative method with a quantitative approach. The results showed that the communication variables obtained the magnitude of influence of 4.4% and the disposition variable obtained the magnitude of influence of 4.3%, these two variables did not have a significant effect on KB MOP participation in Bandar Lampung City. While the resource variable obtained the magnitude of influence of 21.1% and the bureaucratic structure variable obtained the magnitude of influence of 25.6%, these two variables had a significant influence on KB MOP participation in Bandar Lampung City. But simultaneously the communication, resource, disposition and bureaucratic structure variables have a significant influence on KB MOP participation in Bandar Lampung City and the magnitude of the effect obtained is 25.1%.

Using antibiotics on various surgeries

The risk emitted from the usage of antibiotic agents on surgery for prevention and treatment was hardly debated for the past decade. Controlling the source of infection is the main subject who almost all physicians are aware of it, although most of them underestimate the problem and overuse antibiotics on prescription. For that, many strategies need to be planned and the systematic antibiotic treatment must to be improved and the threat of resistant bacteria is an essential factor on the clinical decision-making procedure. This present article aimed to understand the usage of antimicrobials agents on general and most common medical surgery, in addition to the risks and the consequences of the overuse of these drugs on long-term.

Finite Element Modelling of Cochlear Electrode Arrays

The implant of cochlear electrode arrays is standard nowadays as a result of the improvement of medical surgery, equipment, and material properties. In this paper, the finite element modeling FEM will be utilized to characterize the mechanical properties of the electrode arrays. The results show that a good agreement between the finite element results and the experimental. Besides, it shows that no significant difference between the tapered and uniform correctional electrodes.