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2022 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 104266
Author(s):  
Amy R. Krosch ◽  
Suzy J. Park ◽  
Jesse Walker ◽  
Ari R. Lisner
Keyword(s):  

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raea Rasmussen ◽  
David Levari ◽  
Muna Akhtar ◽  
Chelsea Crittle ◽  
Megan Gately ◽  
...  

Norton and Sommers (2011) assessed Black and White Americans’ perceptions of anti-Black and anti-White bias across the previous six decades—from the 1950s to the 2000s. They presented two key findings: White (but not Black) respondents perceived decreases in anti-Black bias to be associated with increases in anti-White bias, signaling the perception that racism is a zero-sum game; White respondents rated anti-White bias as more pronounced than anti-Black bias in the 2000s, signaling the perception that they were losing the zero-sum game. We collected new data to examine whether the key findings would be evident nearly a decade later, and whether political ideology would moderate perceptions. Liberal, moderate, and conservative White (but not Black) Americans alike believed that racism is a zero-sum game. Liberal White Americans saw racism as a zero-sum game they were winning by a lot, moderate White Americans saw it as a game they were winning by only a little, and conservative White Americans saw it as a game they were losing. This work has clear implications for public policy and behavioral science, and lays the groundwork for future research that examines to what extent racial differences in perceptions of racism by political ideology are changing over time.


2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110519
Author(s):  
Kimberly Rios ◽  
Dominik Mischkowski ◽  
Nicole B. Stephenson

Building upon Intergroup Threat Theory and research on group-level empathy, we tested the relationship between White privilege beliefs and White Americans’ attitudes toward Confederate symbols. In three experiments, participants induced to think about White privilege exhibited more opposition to Confederate symbols, perceived less realistic threat to their group’s power/resources and symbolic threat to their group’s values/identity from the prospect of these symbols being removed, and (in Study 2) felt more empathetic toward racial/ethnic minorities who may view these symbols. Further, a meta-analytic path analysis across studies demonstrated that the effect of White privilege reminders on opposition to Confederate symbols was driven by reduced realistic and symbolic threat, as well as greater outgroup empathy.


2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110648
Author(s):  
Peiyi Lu ◽  
Dexia Kong ◽  
Mack Shelley

This study compared the associations of child–parent relationships with older adults’ multidimensional health in the United States and China. Two waves of data from the US Health and Retirement Study and its sister study in China (2012–2015) were used (2174 non-Hispanic [NH] White Americans and 4467 Chinese). Linear regression models were conducted for cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons. Results showed most child–parent relationships had nonsignificant associations with NH White Americans’ health. In contrast, closer child–parent relationships were linked to fewer depressive symptoms and better cognitive function among Chinese. Co-residence was associated with poorer health among older Chinese. Over a 2-year period, living nearby was linked to poorer cognitive function among NH White Americans and fewer depressive symptoms among Chinese. Having weekly contact was predictive of better cognition among Chinese. This study revealed cross-cultural differences in the associations between child–parent relationships and older adults’ health. Family relationships in accordance with Chinese culture could improve health.


Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6347
Author(s):  
Vinay Kumar ◽  
Michael McClelland ◽  
James Nguyen ◽  
Gabriela De Robles ◽  
Michael Ittmann ◽  
...  

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are abundant, repetitive elements dispersed across the human genome and are implicated in various diseases. We investigated two potential roles for ERVs in prostate cancer (PCa). First, the PCa of Black Americans (BA) is diagnosed at an earlier median age and at a more advanced stage than the PCa of White Americans (WA). We used publicly available RNA-seq data from tumor-enriched samples of 27 BA and 65 WA PCa patients in order to identify 12 differentially expressed ERVs (padj < 0.1) and used a tissue microarray of the PCa cores from an independent set of BA and WA patients to validate the differential protein expression of one of these ERVs, ERV3-1 (p = 2.829 × 10−7). Second, we used 57 PCa tumors from patients of all ancestries from one hospital as a training set to identify the ERVs associated with time to biochemical relapse. A 29-ERV prognostic panel was then tested and validated on 35 separate PCa tumors from patients obtained in two different hospitals with a dramatic increase in prognostic power relative to clinical parameters alone (p = 7.4 × 10−11). In summary, ERV RNA expression differences in the prostate tumors of patients of different ancestries may be associated with dissimilarities in the mechanism of cancer progression. In addition, the correlation of expression of certain ERVs in prostate tumors with the risk of biochemical relapse indicates a possible role for ERV expression in cancer progression.


Author(s):  
VASILIKI FOUKA ◽  
MARCO TABELLINI

How do social group boundaries evolve? Does the appearance of a new out-group change the in-group’s perceptions of other out-groups? We introduce a conceptual framework of context-dependent categorization in which exposure to one minority leads to recategorization of other minorities as in- or out-groups depending on perceived distances across groups. We test this framework by studying how Mexican immigration to the United States affected white Americans’ attitudes and behaviors toward Black Americans. We combine survey and crime data with a difference-in-differences design and an instrumental variables strategy. Consistent with the theory, Mexican immigration improves whites’ racial attitudes, increases support for pro-Black government policies, and lowers anti-Black hate crimes while simultaneously increasing prejudice against Hispanics. Results generalize beyond Hispanics and Blacks, and a survey experiment provides direct evidence for recategorization. Our findings imply that changes in the size of one group can affect the entire web of intergroup relations in diverse societies.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Michael Bagby ◽  
Jared W. Keeley ◽  
Charmaine C. Williams ◽  
Ardeshir Mortezaei ◽  
Andrew G. Ryder ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Benjamin P. Bowser ◽  
Carl Word ◽  
Kate Shaw

The elimination of Native peoples and the enslavement of Africans in the U.S. more than qualify as acts of historical state sponsored genocide. A feature of both genocides is that they ended as institutional practices but have continued culturally and psychologically. The primary contemporary legacy of these genocides is racism which reinforces historical trauma and grief. Suggestions are made for how healing for Native and African Americans can begin despite ongoing racism. This includes psychological counseling for White Americans with beliefs in White supremacy. Suggestions are also made for how reconciliation can begin at the county-level between descendants of slave owners and enslaved Africans as well as between descendants of settlers and Native Americans.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 912-913
Author(s):  
Samuel Van Vleet ◽  
Sara McLaughlin

Abstract Along with population aging, the diversity of the older US population is increasing. Research suggests that racial and ethnic minorities experience disadvantages over the life course that can negatively impact later life. Despite this, little research has examined racial and ethnic differences in satisfaction with retirement. Using data from the 2016 wave of the Health and Retirement Study, we compared retirement satisfaction among Black (n = 1,068), Hispanic (n = 674), Other (n=161), and White (n = 4,833) older adults (age 65+). Retirement satisfaction was measured with the following item: “All in all, would you say that your retirement has turned out to be very satisfying, moderately satisfying, or not at all satisfying?” Responses were categorized as very satisfied vs. all others. Approximately 43% of Black, 35% of Hispanic, 39% of Other, and 56% of White Americans reported being very satisfied with retirement (χ2(2.4)=58.9; p &lt; .0001). In multivariate logistic models controlling for age, educational level, gender, household income, marital status, and functional limitations, the odds of being very satisfied with retirement were 32% lower for Hispanic (OR=0.68; 95% CI= 0.55, 0.85) and 37% lower for Other Americans (OR=0.63; 95% CI= 0.43,0.92) relative to their White counterparts. No significant difference was evident for Black and White Americans in adjusted analysis (OR=0.96; 95% CI=0.76,1.20). Our findings indicate that inequalities in the retirement experience exist by race and ethnicity in the United States. More research is needed to understand the factors responsible for lower retirement satisfaction among Hispanic and Other Americans.


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