Unified Phase Field Theory Based on the Interaction of Positive and Negative Magnetic poles and Analysis of ATLAS, CMS Experiment at the LHC

This article assumes that the elementary particle is a magnetic pole field formed by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles and believes that gravity, electromagnetic forces, strong forces and weak forces are all produced by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles. The collision of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a strong force, the decay of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a weak force, the cohesive force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field (the gravitational field) to its magnetic pole is gravity, and the spin force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field in the external field (the gravitational field) is the electromagnetic force. This article discusses a high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment based on the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles and reveals the production mechanism of protonium, tauium, muonium, positronium, three generations of leptons and neutrinos, and the final state. This article explains the unification of the strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force and gravity with unified phase field theory and tests this theory by the ATLAS and CMS experimental data at the LHC. The data of the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC are completely consistent with the calculated data of the phase field curvature tensor equation. Differential geometric variables are covariant with physical variables. The Lagrangian function of Einstein's mass-energy equation, the Lagrangian function of the Schrodinger particle differential motion wave function based on the theory of relativity, the Lagrangian density of the Young-Mills gauge field equation, and the high-energy elementary particle phase difference momentum-energy tensor of the curvature tensor equation are completely consistent in the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment. These results fully prove that the unified phase field theory is more in line with the physical reality of the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment.

Unified Phase Field Theory Based on the Interaction of Positive and Negative Magnetic poles and Analysis of ATLAS, CMS Experiment at the LHC

This article assumes that the elementary particle is a magnetic pole field formed by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles and believes that gravity, electromagnetic forces, strong forces and weak forces are all produced by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles. The collision of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a strong force, the decay of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a weak force, the cohesive force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field (the gravitational field) to its magnetic pole is gravity, and the spin force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field in the external field (the gravitational field) is the electromagnetic force. This article discusses a high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment based on the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles and reveals the production mechanism of protonium, tauium, muonium, positronium, three generations of leptons and neutrinos, and the final state. This article explains the unification of the strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force and gravity with unified phase field theory and tests this theory by the ATLAS and CMS experimental data at the LHC. The data of the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC are completely consistent with the calculated data of the phase field curvature tensor equation. Differential geometric variables are covariant with physical variables. The Lagrangian function of Einstein's mass-energy equation, the Lagrangian function of the Schrodinger particle differential motion wave function based on the theory of relativity, the Lagrangian density of the Young-Mills gauge field equation, and the high-energy elementary particle phase difference momentum-energy tensor of the curvature tensor equation are completely consistent in the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment. These results fully prove that the unified phase field theory is more in line with the physical reality of the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment.

Unified Phase Field Theory Based on the Interaction of Positive and Negative Magnetic poles and Analysis of ATLAS, CMS Experiment at the LHC

This article assumes that the elementary particle is a magnetic pole field formed by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles and believes that gravity, electromagnetic forces, strong forces and weak forces are all produced by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles. The collision of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a strong force, the decay of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a weak force, the cohesive force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field (the gravitational field) to its magnetic pole is gravity, and the spin force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field in the external field (the gravitational field) is the electromagnetic force. This article discusses a high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment based on the interaction of positive and negative magnetic poles and reveals the production mechanism of protonium, tauium, muonium, positronium, three generations of leptons and neutrinos, and the final state. This article explains the unification of the strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force and gravity with unified phase field theory and tests this theory by the ATLAS and CMS experimental data at the LHC. The data of the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC are completely consistent with the calculated data of the phase field curvature tensor equation. Differential geometric variables are covariant with physical variables. The Lagrangian function of Einstein's mass-energy equation, the Lagrangian function of the Schrodinger particle differential motion wave function based on the theory of relativity, the Lagrangian density of the Young-Mills gauge field equation, and the planet phase difference momentum-energy tensor of the curvature tensor equation are completely consistent in the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment. These results fully prove that the unified phase field theory is more in line with the physical reality of the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment.

Unified Phase Field Theory Based on the Interaction of Positive and Negative Magnetic poles and Analysis of ATLAS, CMS Experiment at the LHC

This article assumes that the elementary particle is a magnetic poles field formed by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic pole, believes that the gravity, the electromagnetic force, the strong force and the weak force are all produced by the interaction of positive and negative magnetic pole. The collision of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a strong force, and the decay of the high-energy elementary particles appears as a weak force, the cohesive force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field (the gravitational field) to its magnetic pole is the gravity, and the spin force of the high-energy elementary particle magnetic pole field in the external field (the gravitational field) is the electromagnetic force. This article discuss the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment based on the interaction of positive and negative magnetic pole, reveals the production mechanism of the protonium, tauium, muonium, positronium, three generation of leptons and neutrinos, and final state. This article explains unify of the strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force and gravity with unified phase field theory, and tested with the data of ATLAS and CMS experiment at the LHC. The data of ATLAS and CMS experiment at the LHC is completely consistent with the calculated data of the phase field curvature tensor equation; Differential geometric variables are covariant with physical variables; The Lagrangian function of Einstein's mass-energy equation, the Lagrangian function of Schrodinger particle differential motion wave function based on the theory of relativity, the Lagrangian density of Young-Mills gauge field equation, and the planets phase difference momentum-energy tensor of the curvature tensor equation is completely consistent in the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment. These fully prove that the unified phase field theory is more in line with the physical reality of the high-energy proton-antiproton collision experiment.

Performance Monitoring of the Barrel Time-of-Flight Supermodule for the PANDA Experiment at FAIR

The PANDA experiment at FAIR in Darmstadt will use proton-antiproton collisions, with momenta ranging from 1.5 GeV/c to 15 GeV/c, on a fixed target to study open questions in hadron physics. The Barrel Time-of-Flight detector for this experiment is a scintillating tile hodoscope based on 16 identical and independent subdetectors called Super-Modules arranged in a cylindrical configuration. We have conducted performance studies on one such Super-Module to prove the feasibility of the Barrel Time-of-Flight detector design. Time resolution, signal delay and amplitude drop along the length of the detector were measured and analyzed as a function of the position on the individual scintillator tiles. A time resolution of about 50 ps has been achieved, which is very important for event timing and particle identification.

Coherent $$\mathrm{J}/\psi $$ and $${\uppsi '}$$ photoproduction at midrapidity in ultra-peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm {NN}}}~=~5.02$$ TeV

The coherent photoproduction of $$\mathrm{J}/\psi $$ J / ψ and $${\uppsi '}$$ ψ ′ mesons was measured in ultra-peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm {NN}}}~=~5.02$$ s NN = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector. Charmonia are detected in the central rapidity region for events where the hadronic interactions are strongly suppressed. The $$\mathrm{J}/\psi $$ J / ψ is reconstructed using the dilepton ($$l^{+} l^{-}$$ l + l - ) and proton–antiproton decay channels, while for the $${\uppsi '}$$ ψ ′ the dilepton and the $$l^{+} l^{-} \pi ^{+} \pi ^{-}$$ l + l - π + π - decay channels are studied. The analysis is based on an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 233 $$\mu {\mathrm{b}}^{-1}$$ μ b - 1 . The results are compared with theoretical models for coherent $$\mathrm{J}/\psi $$ J / ψ and $${\uppsi '}$$ ψ ′ photoproduction. The coherent cross section is found to be in a good agreement with models incorporating moderate nuclear gluon shadowing of about 0.64 at a Bjorken-x of around $$6\times 10^{-4}$$ 6 × 10 - 4 , such as the EPS09 parametrization, however none of the models is able to fully describe the rapidity dependence of the coherent $$\mathrm{J}/\psi $$ J / ψ cross section including ALICE measurements at forward rapidity. The ratio of $${\uppsi '}$$ ψ ′ to $$\mathrm{J}/\psi $$ J / ψ coherent photoproduction cross sections was also measured and found to be consistent with the one for photoproduction off protons.

Observation of Odderon effects at LHC energies: a real extended Bialas–Bzdak model study

The unitarily extended Bialas–Bzdak model of elastic proton–proton scattering is applied, without modifications, to describe the differential cross-section of elastic proton–antiproton collisions in the TeV energy range, and to extrapolate these differential cross-sections to LHC energies. In this model-dependent study we find that the differential cross-sections of elastic proton–proton collision data at 2.76 and 7 TeV energies differ significantly from the differential cross-section of elastic proton–antiproton collisions extrapolated to these energies. The elastic proton–proton differential cross-sections, extrapolated to 1.96 TeV energy with the help of this extended Bialas–Bzdak model do not differ significantly from that of elastic proton–antiproton collisions, within the theoretical errors of the extrapolation. Taken together these results provide a model-dependent, but statistically significant evidence for a crossing-odd component of the elastic scattering amplitude at the at least 7.08 sigma level. From the reconstructed Odderon and Pomeron amplitudes, we determine the $$\sqrt{s}$$ s dependence of the corresponding total and differential cross-sections.

Production cross sections of tetraquark states in elementary hadronic collisions

Inclusive production cross sections of the possible exotic state X(3872) in proton–proton, pion-proton and proton–antiproton collisions are calculated using a statistical based model, which is previously used to describe inclusive charmed and bottomed hadron production cross sections in the low energy region. With the extensions made here the model is capable to include tetraquarks as well, using the diquark picture of tetraquarks. The evaluated cross section ratio of $$\varPsi (2S)$$ Ψ ( 2 S ) and X(3872) at $$\sqrt{s}=7$$ s = 7 TeV agrees well with the measured value.

Chiral symmetry in the confinement phase of QCD

Based on the Pomeranchuk theorem, one constructs the [Formula: see text] parameter to measure the difference between experimental data for the particle–particle and particle–antiparticle total cross-section at same energy. The experimental data for the proton–proton and proton–antiproton total cross-section were used to show that, at the same energy, this parameter tends to zero as the collision energy grows. Furthermore, one assumes a classical description for the total cross-section, dividing it into a finite number of non-interacting disjoint cells, each one containing a quark–antiquark pair subject to the confinement potential. Near the minimum of the total cross-section, one associates [Formula: see text] with the entropy generated by these cells, analogously to the [Formula: see text]-model. Using both the Quigg–Rosner and Cornell confinement potentials and neglecting other energy contributions, one can calculate the internal energy of the hadron. One obtains that both the entropy and internal energy possess the same logarithmic dependence on the spatial separation between the pairs in the cell. The Helmholtz free energy is used to estimate the transition temperature, which is far from the temperature widely related to the Quark–Gluon Plasma.

Discovery of the bound state of three gluons - odderon

The TOTEM collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider, together with the D0 collaboration at the Tevatron collider at Fermilab, have announced the discovery of the odderon – a bound state of three gluons that was predicted about 50 years ago. The result was presented at CERN on March 5 and follows the joint submission in December 2020 of a CERN and Fermilab preprints by TOTEM and D0 reporting this observation. States comprising several gluons are usually called “glueballs”, and are peculiar objects made only of the carriers of the strong force. The advent of quantum chromodynamics led theorists to predict the existence of the odderon, C-odd gluonic compound. Proving its existence in high-energy collisions at Tevatron and LHC has been a major experimental challenge. The work is based on a model-independent analysis of data at medium-range momentum transfer. The TOTEM and D0 teams compared proton-proton data (recorded at collision energies of 2.76, 7, 8, and 13 TeV and extrapolated to 1.96 TeV), with Tevatron proton-antiproton data measured at 1.96 TeV. In agreement with theoretical predictions, the proton-proton cross-section exhibits a deeper dip and stays below the proton-antiproton cross-section until the bump region, thus evidence of odderon was found.