Stable Up-Down Quark Matter Nuggets, Quark Star Crusts, and a New Family of White Dwarfs

The possible existence of stable up-down quark matter (udQM) was recently proposed, and it was shown that the properties of udQM stars are consistent with various pulsar observations. In this work we investigate the stability of udQM nuggets and found at certain size those objects are more stable than others if a large symmetry energy and a small surface tension were adopted. In such cases, a crust made of udQM nuggets exists in quark stars. A new family of white dwarfs comprised entirely of udQM nuggets and electrons were also obtained, where the maximum mass approaches to the Chandrasekhar limit.

Determination of the up/down-quark mass within QCD sum rules in the scalar channel

In this work, we determine up/down-quark mass $$m_{q=u/d}$$ m q = u / d in the isoscalar scalar channel from both the Shifman–Vainshtein–Zakharov (SVZ) and the Monte-Carlo-based QCD sum rules. The relevant spectral function, including the contributions from the $$f_0(500)$$ f 0 ( 500 ) , $$f_0(980)$$ f 0 ( 980 ) and $$f_0(1370)$$ f 0 ( 1370 ) resonances, is determined from a sophisticated U(3) chiral study. Via the traditional SVZ QCD sum rules, we give the prediction to the average light-quark mass $$m_q(2 ~\text {GeV})=\frac{1}{2}(m_u(2 ~\text {GeV}) + m_d(2 ~\text {GeV}))=(3.46^{+0.16}_{-0.22} \pm 0.33) ~\text {MeV}$$ m q ( 2 GeV ) = 1 2 ( m u ( 2 GeV ) + m d ( 2 GeV ) ) = ( 3 . 46 - 0.22 + 0.16 ± 0.33 ) MeV . Meanwhile, by considering the uncertainties of the input QCD parameters and the spectral functions of the isoscalar scalar channel, we obtain $$m_q (2~\text {GeV}) = (3.44 \pm 0.14 \pm 0.32) ~\text {MeV}$$ m q ( 2 GeV ) = ( 3.44 ± 0.14 ± 0.32 ) MeV from the Monte-Carlo-based QCD sum rules. Both results are perfectly consistent with each other, and nicely agree with the Particle Data Group value within the uncertainties.

SUSY Perceptions Reveal Standard Model Contradictions: Gravity Absence, Hierarchy Problem, Antimatter Puzzle, Muon g-2 Results, Anti-Down Quark Domination

The road map in this research proves that the universe emerged from SUSY. Proving that, we link between two different classes of SM, fermions, and bosons in supersymmetry with their properties in the Standard Model of particle physics. According to SM properties, the bosons have spin one, while fermions have spin 1/2. We suggest differentiating between bosons and fermions angular momentum in our real world with a supersymmetrical state. We presume that bosons and fermions in their supersymmetric environment will have akin graviton spin angular momentum 2, while their superpartners will have spin one. In addition to that, in the supersymmetric environment, the fermion, boson, and their counterparts experience CPT conservation. They enjoy eternity with "Gravitons." Once upon a time, the boson and fermion descended from a supersymmetric state down through string theories' dimensions and M-theory's branes, stabilizing and forming SM quarks and, therefore, everything in our real world

Lowering the scale of Pati-Salam breaking through seesaw mixing

We analyse the experimental limits on the breaking scale of Pati-Salam extensions of the Standard Model. These arise from the experimental limits on rare-meson decay processes mediated at tree-level by the vector leptoquark in the model. This leptoquark ordinarily couples to both left- and right-handed SM fermions and therefore the meson decays do not experience a helicity suppression. We find that the current limits vary from $$ \mathcal{O} $$ O (80–2500) TeV depending on the choice of matrix structure appearing in the relevant three-generational charged-current interactions. We extensively analyse scenarios where additional fermionic degrees of freedom are introduced, transforming as complete Pati-Salam multiplets. These can lower the scales of Pati-Salam breaking through mass-mixing within the charged-lepton and down-quark sectors, leading to a helicity suppression of the meson decay widths which constrain Pati-Salam breaking. We find four multiplets with varying degrees of viability for this purpose: an SU(2)L/R bidoublet, a pair of SU(4) decuplets and either an SU(2)L or SU(2)R triplet all of which contain heavy exotic versions of the SM charged leptons. We find that the Pati-Salam limits can be as low as $$ \mathcal{O} $$ O (5–150) TeV with the addition of these four multiplets. We also identify an interesting possible connection between the smallness of the neutrino masses and a helicity suppression of the Pati-Salam limits for three of the four multiplets.

The Inter-Nucleon Up-to-Down Quark Bond and its Implications for Nuclear Binding

This paper describes an interesting and potentially significant phenomenon regarding the properties of up and down quarks within the nucleus, specifically how the possible internucleon bonding of these quarks may affect the bonding energy of the nuclear force. A very simple calculation is used, which involves a bond between two internucleon up and down quarks. This simple calculation does not specify the shape or structure for the nucleus, rather this calculation only examines the energy of all possible internucleon up-to-down bonds that may be formed within a quantum nucleus. A comparison of this calculated binding energy is made to the experimental binding energy with remarkably good results. The potential significance and implications of this noteworthy finding are discussed.

Alternating Quark Model: First Principles to Fusion

<div> <div> <p>A subnucleonic structure of light nuclei comprises an alternating up and down quark sequence (AQS) that accounts for the measured RMS charge radii with an agreement of >99% and statistical correlation of ρ = 0.99, p<0.001. An interpretation of the uncertainty principle in terms of uncertainty in energy and time, coupled with Chaos theory as relates to linked harmonic oscillators, allows localization of average quark position. Structures incorporate equally spaced quarks around regular polyhedron geometries. The distance between neighboring quarks in a sequence is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Light nuclei from H-3 to Li-7 conform to ring structures whose radii are calculated from the formula of a regular polygon having <i>n</i> sides, each side equal to the radius of the proton, and <i>n</i> vertices, each occupied by a quark. Quark-quark interactions link nucleons to maintain a continuous sequence of alternating equally spaced quarks. Parallel strands of quark sequences overlap so that protons overlap with neutrons. Regular polyhedron structures yield better radius predictions; larger nuclei tend to be less regular and less predictable (with the exception of C-12). The relative certainty in the accepted radius of helium-4, and its geometric relationship tithe proton radius, allow a prediction for the proton radius of 0.8673±0.0014 fm.<br></p> </div> </div>

An Alternating Quark Sequence Predicts Nuclear Radius from Quark Number

<div> <div> <p>A subnucleonic structure of light nuclei comprises an alternating up and down quark sequence (AQS) that accounts for the measured RMS charge radii with an agreement of >99% and statistical correlation of ρ = 0.99, p<0.001. An interpretation of the uncertainty principle in terms of uncertainty in energy and time, coupled with Chaos theory as relates to linked harmonic oscillators, allows localization of average quark position. Structures incorporate equally spaced quarks around regular polyhedron geometries. The distance between neighboring quarks in a sequence is constant and equal to the radius of the proton. Light nuclei from H-3 to Li-7 conform to ring structures whose radii are calculated from the formula of a regular polygon having <i>n</i> sides, each side equal to the radius of the proton, and <i>n</i> vertices, each occupied by a quark. Quark-quark interactions link nucleons to maintain a continuous sequence of alternating equally spaced quarks. Parallel strands of quark sequences overlap so that protons overlap with neutrons. Regular polyhedron structures yield better radius predictions; larger nuclei tend to be less regular and less predictable (with the exception of C-12). The relative certainty in the accepted radius of helium-4, and its geometric relationship tithe proton radius, allow a prediction for the proton radius of 0.8673±0.0014 fm.<br></p> </div> </div>