Analysis of additional armor protection for lightly armored vehicles of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and foreign states

World military conflicts show that the armor protection of most light armored vehicles does not meet modern requirements. The constant development and improvement of fire weapons makes it necessary to search for new constructive solutions in this area. Increasing the level of armor protection by increasing the thickness of the armor is a hopeless path, since it will lead to an increase in the mass of the vehicle, and this, in turn, will negatively affect the power plant and chassis. One of the ways to increase the level of protection is the use of new booking schemes using modern armored materials. This article analyzes publications devoted to modern scientific research related to the development and improvement of armor protection for light armored vehicles, as well as an analysis and assessment of options for the use of modern armored materials and various structures to protect vehicle crews and increase the level of tactical and technical characteristics. It is shown that at present, in connection with traditional approaches in the design of armored vehicles, the advantage is given to armored steels, aluminum and titanium alloys. However, there is a trend towards the use of lighter ballistic materials such as ceramics and composites with polymer fibers. The basis for the creation of reliable armor protection for lightly armored vehicles has been determined – the development of new promising structures for combined protection using new armor materials and their various options. Variants of additional armor protection systems of both foreign manufacturers and domestic developments are presented. The new systems include several special materials that differ from each other in a wide range of physical and mechanical properties. The use of such protection, together with the main armor, can reduce the mass performance of the vehicle. It has been determined that the creation of new designs of armored elements using the most modern technologies will lead to a significant increase in the protective characteristics of the armor of light armored vehicles.

ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ELEMENTS OF SUSPENSION SYSTEMS OF ARMORED VEHICLES OF LIGHT CATEGORY BY MASS (REVIEW ARTICLE)

The analysis of materials on the design of light armored vehicles is carried out. The main mathematical models for modeling dynamic processes, stress-strain state in the system "combat module - hull - suspension" are considered. The publications on the design of suspension torsion bars are analyzed. To date, the analysis and synthesis are not united by a single generalized parametrical description, which would cover both technical solutions of elements of suspension of light armored vehicles, modes of motion of these machines, and properties of materials of the elements under study, and requirements for tactics and technical characteristics in general. That is, there is no corresponding theoretical base for solving the problems of parametric synthesis of elements of suspension systems, and existing mathematical models need to be improved. Therefore, the main tasks that need to be solved or improved by existing solutions are set. Also, such developments are needed that would take into account technical solutions, processes and conditions, stages of manufacture, operating conditions and combat use, that is, those that would reflect all stages of the life cycle of the elements of suspension systems for light armored vehicles. Keywords: light armored vehicle; tactical and technical characteristics; torsion bar; suspension systems; sprung part; suspension; stress-strain state

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS OF RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR TURRET BALL BEARING RING OF A BMP-2 INFANTRY FIGHTING VEHICLE

A large part of BMP-2 Infantry Fighting Vehicles needs to replace turret ball bearing rings. Under realization of replacement of spare parts and components made in Russia with domestic ones, KNVO "Fort" MVO Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine made an experimental batch of balls for turret ball bearing rings of infantry fighting vehicles BMP type. As a result of modernization of a turret ball bearing ring, steel balls were replaced with balls made of composite material. A turret ball bearing is a large radial thrust bearing, cages of which are turret races. A stabile lower race is fixed by means of screws to a top of the vehicle‟s hull. Above the fixed race there is a movable upper race to which the turret is bolted. A method for assessing the reliability of turret ball bearing rings of military armored vehicles was developed. The results of tests of turret ball bearing rings of BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicle tower are given. The reliability of turret ball bearing rings of armored vehicles was assessed taking into account the damage to the balls. The main types of damage to the balls: non-compliance of balls average diameter and non-compliance of the spherical shape of the ball to the requirements of operating documentation. The impact of the probability of no-failure operation of the balls on the durability of the ball bearing is determined. It is necessary to take into account the presence of damage to the balls when determining the durability of the ball bearing. To validate the adequacy of the method, it is necessary to increase the test time of the ball bearing by conducting tests during its operation.

RCM 3 Methodology Application to Armored Military Vehicle Cooling System

The ultimate goal of developing the future of Reliability Centered Maintenance is to introduce the RCM3 methodology, applied in this article to the cooling system of high-performance military armored vehicles fleet, used in current operation theaters. This methodology is not only more advanced and aligned with the international standards for physical asset management and risk management, but also allows users to fully understand and quantify the associated risks, focused on the reliability of the systems. The case study aims to obtain a proposed maintenance plan to the vehicle’s cooling system. Methods such as the distribution of Weibull applied to reliability and Right Censored Data, were used for the calculation of MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures). The results of the study confirm the possibility of using the proposed methodology to evaluate the operational reliability of the high-performance military armored vehicles fleet in any armed forces. The maintenance plan obtained with RCM3 proves to be more suitable and capable of reducing the risk associated with the system failure modes.

Dagu RS003B75 Chassis Mobile Robot Platform sebagai Purwarupa MINION Mobile Mines & Intelligent Remote Detonator Robot

Dilihat dari jenis alutsista dan jumlah komponen peralatan pertahanan, Matra Darat Republik Indonesia memiliki komposisi 61% armored vehicles, 15% towed artillery, 14% tanks, 6.5% self-propelled guns dan sisanya adalah rocket projectors. Dilihat dari jenis alutsista yang dimiliki oleh matra darat, keseluruhanya adalah jenis alutsista yang sudah digunakan sejak jaman perang dunia kedua, sehingga untuk alutsista yang memiliki teknologi kendali jarak jauh atau otonom masih belum terlihat dalam data tersebut. Oleh karen itu pengembangan dalam alutsista jenis ini adalah hal strategis untuk dilakukan. Robot mobile kendali jarak jauh yang semi otonom MINION (Mobile mINes Intelligent remOte detoNator) adalah sebuah mobile robot yang dikendalikan jarak jauh dengan jaringan telekomunikasi nirkabel yang berfungsi sebagai mobile mines atau komponen alutsista berbahan peledak yang memiliki daya gempur massif. Robot mobile ini diharapkan menjadi sebuah prototipe alutsista kendali jarak jauh yang akan menambah daya gempur Angkatan Darat Republik Indonesia. Hasil dari penelitian ini diantaranya adalah sebuah prototipe mobile robot (MINION) dengan level TKT 5 dengan kesimpulan pengembangan yaitu 1) Material chassis yang digunakan untuk Minion adalah anodized aluminium yang tahan korosif berbentuk braket modular dengan tebal 2mm, 10mm pitch grid dengan lubang 4mm. 2) roda menggunakan material rubber dan didesain memiliki individual damper / shock absorber pada setiap roda dengan ukuran roda 120 mm x 60 mm untuk meningkatkan traksi pada tanah jenis entisol dan inceptisol 3) catu daya menggunakan baterai lithium polymer 5000mAh tipe 2S 1P 20C dengan kapasitas discharge current sebesar 100A yang akan di charge oleh Polycrystalline solar panel 20wp yang mampu melakukan pengisian baterai Minion sebesar 20% per hari. Judging from the type of defense equipment and the number of components of defense equipment, TNI has a composition of 61% armored vehicles, 15% towed artillery, 14% tanks, 6.5% self-propelled guns and the rest are rocket projectors. Types of defense equipment owned by the ground forces, all of them are types of defense equipment that have been used since the era of the second world war, thus equipment that has remote control or autonomous technology is still not visible in the data. Therefore, the development of this type of defense equipment is strategic and crucial. The semi-autonomous remote-controlled mobile robot MINION (Mobile Mines Intelligent Remote Detonator) is a remote-controlled mobile robot with a wireless telecommunications network that functions as mobile mines or components of explosive defense equipment that have massive firepower. This mobile robot is expected to become a prototype of a remote control defense system that will increase the fighting power of TNI. The results of this study include a prototype mobile robot (MINION) with TKT level 5 with development conclusions as follows 1) Chassis material used for Minion is a modular bracket corrosive resistant anodized aluminum with 2mm thick, 10mm pitch grid and 4mm holes. 2) the wheels are rubber material and designed to have individual dampers / shock absorbers on each wheel with a wheel size of 120 mm x 60 mm to increase traction on entisol and inceptisol soils 3) 5000mAh lithium polymer battery type 2S 1P 20C with discharge capacity current of 100A is used for power supply system charged by a 20wp Polycrystalline solar panel capable of charging the Minion battery by 20% per day.

Research of ANSYS Autodyn capabilities in evaluating the landmine blast resistance of specialized armored vehicles

The object of research is the processes of pulse explosive loading in an explicit formulation for simulation of complex nonlinear dynamics of solids, gases, and their interactions. One of the most problematic areas of modern studies of nonlinear dynamic loads of materials using a numerical analysis is that such studies usually do not take into account the characteristic transition of the stationary deformation zone of the loaded material to the unsteady one and the front pressure and shockwave velocity variation by time. The work is aimed at developing a mathematical model of a pulsed load of materials by a shockwave, developing a mathematical apparatus for calculating the parameters of a shockwave, creating analytical dependences of the interaction of a shockwave with a loaded surface. A study of dynamic explosive loading using software based on an explicit method for solving the equations of continuum mechanics is proposed. In this work, the stress-state equation at a point of the material under pulsed load conditions was further developed, methods for determining the principal stresses and the invariant of the stress tensor, taking into account the pulsed nature of the load, were established. The character of the behavior of the shockwave formed as a result of the detonation of the explosive has been established. Analytical dependences of the interaction of a shockwave with a loaded surface are compiled. A mathematical apparatus has been developed for calculating such parameters of the shockwave as the detonation front pressure and its change in time and the velocity of the shockwave at the moment when it reaches the surface. Mathematical dependences have been developed and proposed, which, in contrast to the existing ones, make it possible to determine the current values of stresses and strains passing through the points of the actual stress curve, as well as the intensity of stresses and strains under pulse loading of metals. On the basis of theoretical and experimental studies of the parameters of body material deformation under the action of explosive loading, the mechanisms of destruction of the KrAZ «Shrek» and KrAZ «Fiona» (Ukraine) specialized armored vehicles body were clarified to establish the compliance of the declared landmine resistance of vehicles with the STANAG 4569 standardization agreement.

GRAPHIC-ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE PROBABILITY OF LOSS OF ELEMENTS OF THE ENGINE AND THE COMBAT COMPARTMENT OF LIGHTLY ARMORED VEHICLES OF THE GENERAL UNITS

The article considers a number of main factors that determine the probability of damage to the elements of the engine and combat compartment of lightly armored vehicles under the influence of fragmentation munitions. Also, the technique of calculation of probability of defeat of an element by one fragment is given. As a result, the idea of a graph- analytical method for determining the probability of hitting an element by one fragment is presented, which is that the set of possible flight of the fragment to the element is divided into subsets by the number of walls of the engine and combat compartment of lightly armored vehicles. Then the required value of the probability of damage to the element by one fragment is determined.One of the main striking factors is the rapid flow of fragments that hit lightly armored vehicles, thus reducing the combat readiness of the unit. At present, the question of calculating the probability of damage to the elements of lightly armored vehicles of general military units is insufficiently studied.During the calculations of the graph-analytical method for determining the probability of damage to the elements of the engine and combat compartment of lightly armored vehicles, attention was focused on determining the required value of the probability of damage to the element by one fragment, which has not been proposed so far.The idea of a graph-analytical method for determining the probability of damage to an element by a single fragment is as follows. The whole set of directions of possible flight of the fragment to the element is divided into subsets by the number of walls of the engine and combat compartment of lightly armored vehicles. Within each subset, all directions are divided into parts, within each of which the value hijs is constant.The values of Sijs and hijs are determined for each part. The value of Sijs determines the probability of impact of the fragment from these directions, and the value of hijs - the probability of breaking the protective barrier.Then the required value of the probability of damage to the element by one fragment is determined. Thus, the use of a graphical-analytical method to determine the probability of damage to the elements of lightly armored vehicles of all-military units will increase the possibility of evacuation and restoration of weapons and military equipment after destruction by shrapnel munitions.And reducing the time for evacuation, speeding up the process of restoring damaged equipment in combat and increasing the intensity of the recovery system from recovery to use will increase the likelihood of using recovered equipment and, consequently, increase combat readiness.

The main problems of the military-industrial complex and ways of overcoming them

ndustry of our state. Its core components include rocket, aircraft and shipbuilding plants, aircraft and ship engine-building, armored vehicles and radio-electronic equipment, ammunition and special chemicals, repair services. Nowadays the main requirement for the national military-industrial complex which has been focused on the export of its products for many years, is to meet the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations in armaments and military equipment quickly and efficiently.But the implementation of the main function of the military-industrial complex is hampered by both chronic problems of the defense industry (a small number of closed research-production cycles for the development and manufacture of weapons, depreciation of industrial equipment and outdated technologies, lack of human, financial, material resources, a large number of counterparties) and new challenges, for the successful overcoming of which, it is necessary to take a number of measures at the legislative level to reform the military-industrial complex and create appropriate conditions for its development, to attract private partners who could provide significant assistance to the defense industry in Ukraine in solving current tasks and related problems due to active implementation of various projects in the military-industrial sphere within the framework of public-private partnership. This is what actualizes the issue of this study.Recent research and publications analysis. The analysis of national and international publications showed that the issues connected with the topic of research are currently covered in the studies of many authors, namely: A. Kalyaev, Y. Shimov, T. Korolyuk, Y. Gusev, A. Abramovichus, M. Zhorokhov and other scientists. However, issues related to the problems of the development of the military-industrial complex of Ukraine and ways of overcoming them have not been studied sufficiently. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The purpose and objectives of the article are to analyze the problems of development of the military-industrial complex of Ukraine as an important component of the country's security as well as to identify ways of improving the situation in the field of the military-industrial complex.Paper main body. Nowadays, in order to defeat the aggressor – Russia, defense enterprises need to unite their assets, resources or technologies. We have been at war for 7 years and during all this period of time each defense enterprise has been strengthening the defense capabilities of our country seperately, because the current legislation which regulates the work of Ukroboronprom does not allow them to get united. The reform of Ukroboronprom will allow enterprises to achieve better results in the production of weapons and military equipment by getting their assets, resources and technologies united. And this in its turn will help simplify and reduce the cost of production processes.Reforming of Ukroboronprom makes it possible to attract foreign direct investments, to create additional value for our products. The Ukrainian military-industrial complex will become an attractive and reliable partner in domestic and foreign markets. The league of defense enterprises will give an opportunity to establish a full cycle of production: precision-guided munitions, radars, ammunition and special chemicals, armored vehicles as well as aircraft and ship repair services.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The given analysis makes it possible to find out that the future of the Ukrainian military- industrial complex depends on foreign investors, who, despite the war, are providing financial resources for the development and modernization of armaments.Ukraine will benefit from cooperation with foreign investors as all developments will remain the intellectual property of Ukrainian companies. This allows developing samples of military armaments.The current situation with military exports is not hopeless. There are some branches where Ukraine can compete with Russia or Eastern Europe. Everything will depend on the efficiency of Ukroboronprom's top managers and private initiative as small companies have been given the opportunity to enter foreign markets without total control by the state monopolist.The successfully implemented reforms of Ukroboronprom will provide an opportunity to bring defense enterprises as well as design bureaus of Ukraine to life by attracting investments. In fact, they will be attracted by a defense company which will replace the current Ukroboronprom. As long as our companies continuously manufacture, modernize and repair armaments for the needs of our army as the main internal customer, the defense company mentioned above will act as a corporate center or a strategic architect of the entire reform. That is, it will help to get the corporate model of management "on the rails" without stopping the production .Thus, the defense company will take the leadership in all transformations, will control and be responsible for the realisation of the strategy, business plans, the implementation of the established rules and policies. But above all, it will help state-owned defense enterprises to make a quantum leap into the future that has already come.