Self-Acting Formation of an ANFO Similar Type of Explosive under Fire Conditions: A Case Study

On 2 October 2003 in Saint-Romain-en-Jarez (France) a fire in a farm building triggered an explosion in which 26 people were injured. Police investigation, based solely on an analysis of the effects and on general engineering knowledge, showed that the explosion was caused by an uncontrollably generated mixture of ammonium nitrate (AN) and molten plastic crates which formed an explosive mixture similar to ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO). This is the only commonly known example of an ammonium nitrate blast taking place at its end user destination. Is such an explanation of the incident plausible and could a similar blast possibly happen anywhere else? The experimental results support this thesis of French investigators but raise further doubts. Laboratory reconstruction of the self-acting process of generating the explosive material confirmed the investigators’ report. However, other materials at the incident site could have influenced the final outcome too. The lab-recreated explosion of a mixture of AN and molten plastic partially confirmed the report’s thesis.

The adaptation front equation explains diversification hotspots and living-fossilization

Taxonomic turnovers are common in the evolutionary histories of biological communities. Such turnovers are often associated with the emergence and diversification of groups that have achieved fundamental innovations beneficial in various ecological niches. In the present study, we show that such innovation-driven turnovers could be analyzed using an equation that describes the dynamics of zero-fitness isoclines in a two-dimensional trait space comprising a "fundamental trait" (describing fundamental innovation) and a "niche trait" (describing niche position) or with its higher-dimensional extensions. Our equation allows analytical prediction of evolutionary source-sink dynamics along the niche axis for an arbitrary unimodal (or multimodal with weak separation) carrying capacity distribution. The prediction was confirmed by numerical simulation under different assumptions for resource competition, reproduction, and mutation. In the simulated evolution, biodiversity sources are the central niches having higher carrying capacities than the outer niches, allowing species there the faster evolutionary advancement in fundamental traits and their repeated diversification into outer niches, which outcompete the indigenous less advanced species. The outcompeted species go extinct or evolve directionally toward the far outer niches of the far slower advancement because of the far lower carrying capacities. In consequence of this globally acting process over niches, species occupying peripheral (i.e., the outermost) niches can have significantly primitive fundamental traits and deep divergence times from their closest relatives, and thus, they correspond to living fossils. The extension of this analysis for multiple geographic regions showed that living fossils are also expected in geographically peripheral regions for the focal species group.

In-process calibration of smart structures produced by incremental forming

Smart load-bearing structures are created by forming integration of functional materials into passive metallic components with target-oriented pre-stress conditions by rotary swaging. Their sensory capability cannot only be used during the utilization but also during the manufacturing phase. Previous works demonstrated how this capability paves the way for efficient monitoring and controlling of the used integration process. In search of an even higher overall efficiency of the manufacturing chain, the subsequent costly calibration step deserves closer attention. Therefore, a cost- and time-efficient approach for the process-integrated calibration of a sensor-integrated structure is proposed in this paper. During the in-process calibration, the acting process forces are measured both in the integrated sensor and in a special-built clamping fixture. The measured data can be transferred into calibration slopes of the sensory structures. A suitable signal processing based on the process characteristics is performed to compensate interference effects on the raw signals. As a result, an accuracy of the calibration better than 2% of the nominal value compared to an offline standardized calibration is achieved with the in-line calibration method. Consequently, efficiency in the manufacturing of sensory structures is further boosted by avoidance of setup or logistical operations.

PEMERANAN TOKOH RATU MAHRIT DALAM NASKAH RAJA MATI KARYA EUGÈNE IONESCO TERJEMAHAN IKRANAGARA

This paper explains about the immersion process for acting the role of Queen Mahrit by Eugène Ionesco. The concept from Theatre of the Absurd becomes the foundation of this acting process. Exit the King picks up the theme about Death that is perceived to be still relevant util now.Exit The King give us a message that life in this world is only for a while. We life from day by day, month by month, year by year always with destiny of death. The absurdity that we have gone through in this world lies on how we live in struggles that ends with death. Why is there life if there is death ? Because the reason for life also a reason for death, thus it is death who controls our life. When death has come to us, then our life in the world is finished. Key word : Exit the King, Absurd, Eugène Ionesco, Queen Mahrit.