11 de setembro: das Reformas aos atentados

O presente artigo pretende mostrar as ideias e acontecimentos que serviram de base ao líder da Al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden. Através da Escola Hanbali e das Reformas no mundo islâmico, surgiram teóricos que são peças fundamentais para entender os desdobramentos de grupos como a Al-Qaeda. Dessa forma, o artigo se debruça sobre os aspectos históricos e religiosos que perpassam esse meio. Através das obras do teórico Sayyid Qutb, faz-se uma abordagem a respeito do conceito de jihad, sobre o seu significado e como a questão é abordada pela Al-Qaeda.

“The Imam of modern Egypt was a sceptic”: Mustafa Sabri's Radical Critique of Muhammad ʿAbduh and Modernist Theology

This article re-examines the theology of Egyptian ʿalim Muhammad ʿAbduh (1849–1905) through the writing of Late Ottoman sheikh ül-Islam Mustafa Sabri (1869–1954) and his radical critique of the Muslim reform (tajdīd) movement. One of Mustafa Kemal's most implacable foes, Sabri was alarmed to find Egyptian ʿulamaʾ and intellectuals advancing the positivist-materialist agenda he had challenged in Istanbul before fleeing in 1922 from Ankara's victorious nationalist forces. Debating the leading lights of the modernist movement in Egypt of the 1930s and 1940s, Sabri came to see its reform theology as little more than a calque on Enlightenment notions of religion; his ideas became influential through his close relationship with Hasan al-Banna and other figures from the Muslim Brotherhood. Examining Sabri's work in Istanbul and Cairo, ʿAbduh's early and later writing, and texts such as ʿAbduh's famous debate with Farah Antun, the islāmiyyāt literature of Egypt's liberal age, and material by Sayyid Qutb, I argue that Sabri was instrumental in formulating the hostile discourse that came to dominate Muslim views of ʿAbduh in the later twentieth century once the ideologies of Salafism and Brotherhood Islamism had eclipsed that of the reformers.

Foreign Debt in the Perspective of Tafsir Fii Zilaal Al-Qur'an by Sayyid Qutb

This study aimed to analyze the contemporary interpretation of Sayyid Qutb against usury contained in foreign debt in his book Fii Zhilaal al-Qur'an Surah Al-Baqarah: 275. The method used in this research is the descriptive analysis method combined with the method of hermeneutics and supported by a literature review to find Sayyid Qutb’s thoughts on foreign debt. This study is an attempt to gain a proper understanding of usury-based on a contemporary interpretation of Sayyid Qutb in the book Fii Zhilaal Al-Qur'an especially that including in foreign debt. This study described the analysis of usury in foreign debt base on the interpretation of Sayyid. Findings. The results of this study are understandings of the thoughts of Sayyid Qutb in his book related to the impact of foreign debt which may lead to the theory that foreign debt will have an impact on regulatory intervention, colonization, and even warfare.

Development of Ibn Taymiyyah's ideas in the works of Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966)

In modern Islam, Sayyid Qutb is considered one of the main ideologues of fundamentalism. S. Qutb reinterpreted traditional Islamic concepts for use in political activities. His ideas had a huge impact on the jihadist takfiris. In turn, the worldview and subsequent political concepts of Qutb himself were formed under the influence of many medieval thinkers, including Ibn Taymiyyah. Since the study of the influence of Ibn Taymiyyah on the worldview of this religious and political figure has not received sufficient attention from researchers, this determines the relevance of this work. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of the ideas of Ibn Taymiyyah on S. Qutb, and his interpretation of the teachings of this religious figure. The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive study of the influence of Ibn Taymiyyah's ideas on the worldview of S. Qutb. In the course of studying this issue, the following methods of scientific research were used: analysis, comparison, chronology, historical-comparative method, which contributed to the establishment of objective and subjective factors that influenced the formation of the teachings of Ibn Taymiyyah and Sayyid Qutb.

Sejarah Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam dari Masa Rasulullah sampai Masa Kontemporer

Dari literatur-literatur yang telah diteliti oleh para pemikir ekonomi Islam, kita hanya mendapatkan sedikit buku yang secara khusus mengulas tentang ekonomi Islam. Salah satu ulama kontemporer yang memberikan idenya tentang ekonomi Islam adalah Muhammad al-Ghazali (al-Islam wa al-Auda’ al-Iqtis adiyah, Islam dan Kedudukan Ekonomi) dan Sayyid Qutb (al-‘Adalah al- Ijtima’iyyah fi al-Islam, Keadilan Sosial dalam Islam). Dari permasalahan tersebut maka ruang lingkup studi tentang ekonomi Islam sangat terbatas.

Divine Sovereignty and Clerical Authority in Early Shi‘i Islamism: Bāqir al-Ṣadr (1935–80) and Taqī al-Mudarrisī (b. 1945) on the Islamic State

Divine sovereignty (ḥākimiyya)—as conceived by Abū al-A‘lā Mawdūdī (1903–79) and popularised by Sayyid Quṭb (1906–66) - has been a central component of Islamist thought. This article investigates the reception of the concept within Shi‘i Islam. As case studies, the article choses two prominent actors in the formative period of Shi‘i Islamism in Iraq: Muḥammad Bāqir al-Ṣadr (1935–80) and Muḥammad Taqī al-Mudarrisī (b. 1945). By discussing their reflections on the nature of an Islamic state, the article pursues three objectives: first, it overcomes a trend in academic scholarship that disregards Sunni influences on the development of Shi‘i Islamism. Second, the article highlights the role that the Iraqi Shi‘i intellectual milieu played in incorporating key Islamist concepts into Shi‘i political thought. Finally, the article demonstrates the different receptions of ḥākimiyya. Bāqir al-Ṣadr uses the ideological repertoire of Islamism to explore in pragmatic terms the parameters that define the state as Islamically legitimate. In contrast, Taqī al-Mudarrisī uses ḥākimiyya to redefine the sovereignty of the state in Islamic terms. He operationalises the concept in a Shi‘i context by arguing that the state must be led by a just jurisconsult (al-faqīh al-‘ādil) who becomes the sole agent of divine sovereignty in the state.