A Scalable Security Protocol for Intravehicular Controller Area Network

Intravehicular communication relies on controller area network (CAN) protocol to deliver messages and instructions among different electronic control units (ECU). Unfortunately, inherent defects in CAN include the absence of confidentiality and integrity mechanism, enabling adversaries to launch attacks from wired or wireless interfaces. Although various CAN cryptographic protocols have been proposed for entity authentication and secure communication, the redundancy in the key establishment phase weakens their availability in large-scale CAN. In this paper, we propose a scalable security protocol suite for intravehicular networks and reduce the communication costs significantly. A new type of attack, suspension attack, is identified for the existing protocols and mitigated in our protocol by leveraging a global counter scheme. We formally verify the security properties of the proposed protocol suite through the AVISPA tool. The simulation results indicate that the communication and computation efficiency are improved in our protocol.

A Vehicle Can Bus Anomaly Detection Method for Periodic Attacks Based on the Entropy Model

Because of the rapid development of automobile intelligence and networking, cyber attackers can invade the vehicle network via wired and wireless interfaces, such as physical interfaces, short-range wireless interfaces, and long-range wireless interfaces. Thus, interfering with regular driving will immediately jeopardises the drivers’ and passengers’ personal and property safety. To accomplish security protection for the vehicle CAN (Controller Area Network) bus, we propose an anomaly detection method by calculating the information entropy based on the number of interval messages during the sliding window. It detects periodic attacks on the vehicle CAN bus, such as replay attacks and flooding attacks. First, we calculate the number of interval messages according to the CAN bus baud rate, the number of bits of a single frame message, and the time required to calculate information entropy within the window. Second, we compute the window information entropy of regular packet interval packets and determine the normal threshold range by setting a threshold coefficient. Finally, we calculate the information entropy of the data to be measured, determine whether it is greater than or less than the threshold, and detect the anomaly. The experiment uses CANoe software to simulate the vehicle network. It uses the body frame CAN bus network of a brand automobile body bench as the regular network, simulates attack nodes to attack the regular network periodically, collects message data, and verifies the proposed detection method. The results show that the proposed detection method has lower false-negative and false-positive rates for attack scenarios such as replay attacks and flood attacks across different attack cycles.

Research electrical impedance tomography system suitable for making in out of factory conditions.

The objective of this work is to present the first results of the development of an electrical impedance tomography system assembled from ready-made blocks with free software. Electrical impedance tomography is considered as a possible alternative and adjunct to computer tomography in lung diagnostics. One of the problems along this path is the mutual inaccessibility of equipment of an acceptable level for research physicians and of contacts with such physicians for the developers. An easily reproducible EIT hardware platform from ready-made modules and open source software have been developed and tested as an option for enthusiastic researchers who do not have sufficient experience to independently develop the hardware and software and the means to purchase expensive commercial devices. An evaluation board for an integrated bioimpedance meter, produced by the microcircuit manufacturer, is used to implement the main elements of the measuring system. The 16-channel multiplexers are also available as ready-made modules. A high-performance controller module based on a 32-bit system-on-chip ESP32 with built-in wireless interfaces has a compiler and SDK ported to the Arduino environment. This makes customization and testing of the embedded software possible for non-core professionals. Image reconstruction algorithms are available online on the Institute's server. Both dynamic (visualization of changes only) and static imaging are possible. The results of tomography system testing on the phantom and on the human body demonstrated the high quality of the data collected. Improving the speed of the measuring system and adding software functions, including the use of wireless interfaces for data transmission and direct interaction with the image reconstruction server are topical tasks.

Communication Interface Manager for Improving Performance of Heterogeneous UAV Networks

Exchanging messages with stable connections in missions composed of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) remains a challenge. The variations in UAV distances from each other, considering their individual trajectories, and the medium dynamic factors are important points to be addressed.In this context, to increase the stability of UAV-to-UAV (U2U) communication with link quality, this paper presents an interface manager (IM) that is capable of improving communication in multi-UAV networks.Given a predefined set of available individual wireless interfaces, the proposed IM dynamically defines the best interface for sending messages based on on-flight conditions sensed and calculated dynamically from the wireless medium. Different simulation scenarios are generated using a complex and realistic experimental setup composed of traditional simulators such as NS-3, Gazebo, and GzUAV. IEEE 802.11n 2.4 GHz and 802.11p 5 GHz interfaces are used for the IM selection. The IM performance is evaluated in terms of metrics from the medium-access-control (MAC) and physical layers, which aim to improve and maintain the connectivity between the UAVs during the mission, and from the application layer, which targets the reliability in the delivery of messages. The obtained results show that compared with the cases where a single interface is used, the proposed IM is able to increase the network throughput and presents the best proportion of transmitted and received packets, reception power (−60 dBm to −75 dBm), and loss (−80 dB to −85 dB), resulting in a more efficient and stable network connections.

Analyzing the Performance of WBAN Links during Physical Activity Using Real Multi-Band Sensor Nodes

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) present unique challenges due to their specific characteristics of mobility and over-the-body radio propagation. A huge amount of factors—both internal and external to the network—affect WBAN channel conditions, so a reliable and comprehensive theoretical model of these communications is unfeasible and impractical in real scenarios. Thus, an empirical performance analysis of several WBAN channels is presented in this work, based on the receiver signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet reception rate (PRR) metrics. Four different static and dynamic activities have been characterized: standing, sitting, cycling and walking. This analysis confirms the theoretical notions of path attenuation due to body parts obstructing the signal path, while serving as a benchmark for the design of future algorithms. The experiments have been carried out with real hardware nodes with wireless interfaces in three ISM bands: 433 MHz, 868 MHz and 2.4 GHz, evaluating the effect of the transmit power and node placement for different subjects. In all scenarios, the PRR metric reaches its maximum of 100% for both sub-GHz bands. Finally, our study concludes that the RSSI metric is sufficient to exploit the periodicity of dynamic activities, without the need for any extra hardware resources.

Certain Investigations on Military Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks

Now a day’s Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) tends to attracts scientific community and its applications become the topic for many studies. This has been made possible by availability; especially in sensors have gotten smaller, cheaper and smarter in recent years. In order to form a network, these sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces by which they can communicate with each other. The use of and the ability to organise these sensors into networks have revealed several research challenges and have highlighted new approaches to deal with those problems. The goal of this article is to provide an up-to-date overview of both traditional and most modern WSN military applications and, hopefully, not only to allow this scientific field to be understood, but also to encourage the perception of new applications. The key categories of Wireless Sensor Networks applications are identified and characteristic examples of the applications are identified in order to achieve this objective.

Optimization Trends for Wireless Network On-Chip

Designing sustainable and high-performance wireless multi-core chips requires a matchless tradeoff between many aspects including scalable and reliable architectures implementation which in its turn implies aware-wideband energy-efficient wireless interfaces and adopting innovative straightforward optimization approaches to achieve the optimal configuration with a minimal cost. This paper focuses on investigating various existing designs and methodologies for wireless network on chip (WiNoC) architectures, as well as the different emerging technologies and optimization tools for the design of a robust and reliable WiNoC infrastructure with a special focus on combinatorial optimization meta-heuristics.

Low-Complexity Design and Validation of Wireless Motion Sensor Node to Support Physiotherapy

We present a motion sensor node to support physiotherapy, based on an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The node has wireless interfaces for both data exchange and charging, and is built based on commodity components. It hence provides an affordable solution with a low threshold to technology adoption. We share the hardware design and explain the calibration and validation procedures. The sensor node has an autonomy of 28 h in operation and a standby time of 8 months. On-device sensor fusion yields static results of on average 3.28° with a drift of 2° per half hour. The final prototype weighs 38 g and measures ø6 cm × 1.5 cm. The resulting motion sensor node presents an easy to use device for both live monitoring of movements as well as interpreting the data afterward. It opens opportunities to support and follow up treatment in medical cabinets as well as remotely.