Enhanced All-Optical Y-Shaped Plasmonic OR, NOR And NAND Gate Models, Analyses, And Simulation For High Speed Computations

In this digital era, all-optical logic gates (OLGs) proved its effectiveness in execution of high-speed computations. A unique construction of an all-optical OR, NOR, NAND gates based on the notion of power combiner employing metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide in the Y-shape in a minimal imprint of 6.2 µm × 3 µm is presented and the structure is evaluated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. The insertion loss (IL) and extinction-ratio (ER) for proposed model are 6 dB and 27.76 dB for NAND gate, 2 dB and 20.35 dB for NOR gate and 6 dB and 24.10 dB respectively. The simplified model is used in the construction of complex circuits to achieve greater efficiency, which contributes to the emergence of a new technique for designing plasmonic integrated circuits.

Simulation Analysis of Circuit and Designing of PCB Layout of a CMOS based NOR Logic Gate using Open-Source Software eSim

There are various basic gates like NAND, NOR gates which are extensively used in the designing of the more complex circuits with use higher number of transistors such as MUXs, ADCs and any other circuits. In this paper, we have carried out the modelling of NOR gate at 130 nm technology, yet maintaining comparable performance than conventional CMOS NOR gate logic structure. The modelling includes schematics design and PCB layout design run of the above gates. Also, the simulation results of the gates are obtained at the same node with start time, step time, stop time, rise time, fall time and delay and power dissipation. In this all process have been carried out of a CMOS based NOR Logic Gate using Open-Source Software eSim. Keywords: Simulation, PCB, NOR, CMOS, eSim

CRISPR-Based Genetic Switches and Other Complex Circuits: Research and Application

CRISPR-based enzymes have offered a unique capability to the design of genetic switches, with advantages in designability, modularity and orthogonality. CRISPR-based genetic switches operate on multiple levels of life, including transcription and translation. In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, deactivated CRISPR endonuclease and endoribonuclease have served in genetic switches for activating or repressing gene expression, at both transcriptional and translational levels. With these genetic switches, more complex circuits have been assembled to achieve sophisticated functions including inducible switches, non-linear response and logical biocomputation. As more CRISPR enzymes continue to be excavated, CRISPR-based genetic switches will be used in a much wider range of applications.

Recurrent neural circuits overcome partial inactivation by compensation and re-learning

Technical advances in artificial manipulation of neural activity have precipitated a surge in studying the causal contribution of brain circuits to cognition and behavior. However, complexities of neural circuits challenge interpretation of experimental results, necessitating theoretical frameworks for systematic explorations. Here, we take a step in this direction, using, as a testbed, recurrent neural networks trained to perform a perceptual decision. We show that understanding the computations implemented by network dynamics enables predicting the magnitude of perturbation effects based on changes in the network's phase plane. Inactivation effects are weaker for distributed network architectures, are more easily discovered with non-discrete behavioral readouts (e.g., reaction times), and vary considerably across multiple tasks implemented by the same circuit. Finally, networks that can "learn" during inactivation recover function quickly, often much faster than the original training time. Our framework explains past empirical observations by clarifying how complex circuits compensate and adapt to perturbations.

Training Gaussian boson sampling by quantum machine learning

We use neural networks to represent the characteristic function of many-body Gaussian states in the quantum phase space. By a pullback mechanism, we model transformations due to unitary operators as linear layers that can be cascaded to simulate complex multi-particle processes. We use the layered neural networks for non-classical light propagation in random interferometers, and compute boson pattern probabilities by automatic differentiation. This is a viable strategy for training Gaussian boson sampling. We demonstrate that multi-particle events in Gaussian boson sampling can be optimized by a proper design and training of the neural network weights. The results are potentially useful to the creation of new sources and complex circuits for quantum technologies.

Enhanced All-optical Y-shaped Plasmonic NAND Gate Model, Analysis, and Simulation for High Speed Computations

In this digital era, all-optical logic gates (OLGs) proved its effectiveness in execution of high-speed computations. A unique construction for all optical NAND gate based on the notion of power combiner employing metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide in the Y-shape in a minimal imprint of 6.2 µm × 3 µm is presented and the structure is evaluated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. The insertion loss (IL) and extinction-ratio (ER) for proposed model are 6 dB and 27.76 dB. The simplified model is used in the construction of complex circuits to achieve greater efficiency, which contributes to the emergence of a new technique for designing plasmonic integrated circuits.

A High-Speed Bidirectional Register with Parallel Loading using single electron Threshold Logic Technology

In this work we have concentrated our attention to a High Speed 4-bit Bidirectional Register with Parallel Loading counting on the principle of threshold logic gates (TLG). After determining the number of logic gates and other circuits needed to complete the desired circuit for our work, we implement some gates and circuits made up of tunnel junctions and capacitances. Some multi-inputs (greater than two) are designed or implemented with the assistance of modified version of the generic multi-input TLG. The types of gates suitable for the implementing the bidirectional Register are 3-input AND, 3-input NAND and 4-input OR gates, in addition an inverter and a more complex circuits like 4:1 Multiplexer are the part and parcel of the desired device. With the help of a 3-input AND gate and a 4-input OR gate, a 4:1 Multiplexer is built. By using the 3-input NAND gate a memory element – D Flip-flop is constructed. At last 4 number of 4:1 Multiplexers and another four number of D Flip-flops are combined in a parallel pattern to implement a 4-bit Bidirectional Register with Parallel Loading. Each component is made after analyzing their corresponding threshold linear equations. After constructing the threshold circuits, again they are formed by using the parameters as capacitors, tunnel junctions with their internal resistances. All the circuit, which are constructed, are verified by simulation with the help of SIMON and the result obtained are investigated and found that they are matched with the theoretical results. For comparing the fastness of our circuit with the CMOS-based or single electron transistor (SET) based circuit, the processing delays of all gates/ circuits are determined. How much power they consume are measured as well. Comparing the delays of CMOS-based and SET based circuit with the TLG based circuit we have decided that our 4-bit Bidirectional Register with Parallel Loading is speedier.

Microfluidic-based processors and circuits design

Droplets produced within microfluidics have not only attracted the attention of researchers to develop complex biological, industrial and clinical testing systems but also played a role as a bit of data. The flow of droplets within a network of microfluidic channels by stimulation of their movements, trajectories, and interaction timing, can provide an opportunity for preparation of complex and logical microfluidic circuits. Such mechanical-based circuits open up avenues to mimic the logic of electrical circuits within microfluidics. Recently, simple microfluidic-based logical elements such as AND, OR, and NOT gates have been experimentally developed and tested to model basic logic conditions in laboratory settings. In this work, we develop new microfluidic networks, control the shape of channels and speed of droplet movement, and regulate the size of bubbles in order to extend the logical elements to six new logic gates, including AND/OR type 1, AND/OR type 2, NOT type 1, NOT type 2, Flip-Flop, Synchronizer, and a parametric model of T-junction as a bubble generator. We further designed and simulated a novel microfluidic Decoder 1 to 2, a Decoder 2 to 4, and a microfluidic circuit that combines several individual logic gates into one complex circuit. Further fabrication and experimental testing of these newly introduced logic gates within microfluidics enable implementing complex circuits in high-throughput microfluidic platforms for tissue engineering, drug testing and development, and chemical synthesis and process design.

Computer Numerically Controlled Drawing Robot Based on Computer-Aided Design

Due to the rapid development of technology, the use of numerically controlled machines in the industry is increasing. The main idea behind this paper is computer-aided design (CAD) based low-cost computer numerical control 2D drawing robot that can accurately draw complex circuits, diagrams, logos, etc. The system is created using open-source hardware and software, which makes it available at a low cost. The open-source LibreCAD application has been used for computer-aided design. Geometric data of a CAD model is converted to coordinate points using the python-based F-Engrave application. This system uses the Arduino UNO board as a signal generator of the universal g-code sender without compromising the performance. The proposed drawing robot is designed as a low-cost robot for educational purposes and aims to increase the student's interest in robotics and computer-aided design (CAD) skills to the next level. The drawing robot structure has been developed, and it meets the requirements of low cost with satisfactory experimental results.