"And ... the dazzle continued inside ...": New Zealand interior and landscape architectures of the 1930s

The Depression began in the late 1920s, but was not simply triggered by the October 1929 crash in Wall Street. In the two years between 1928-29 and 1930-31, "export income nearly halved. ... The government ... slashed expenditure," including severe cuts to public spending in health and education. As Ann Calhoun notes:[t]he effect of the 1930s Depression on [Schools of Art] students and instructors alike was massive: salaries were reduced, the school admission age was raised, overscale salaries were limited, grants for sewing and science were withdrawn, administration grants were cut back, training colleges in Wellington and Dunedin closed and student allowances decreased, and grants to kindergartens were withdrawn.A proposal for a town-planning course by John Mawson (the Director of Town Planning)) and Cyril Knight (Head of Architecture, Auckland University College) likewise failed due to "lack of numbers and Depression cutbacks." Helen Leach also notes the impact of cuts to education more generally, writing that: "[m]others of young children who expected them to start school at four or five learned in May 1932 that the age of entry would be raised to six."

1492 The Age of Trainees When Joining the Specialist List – What Are the Differences Across Specialties?

Introduction Those wishing to pursue a career in surgery will be aware of stereotypes that exist within each specialty, including how long it takes to attain a certificate of completion of training (CCT). These perceptions are often historic, and whilst may be based on elements of truth, are rarely backed by robust data. Oral & maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) for example is plagued by the stigma of necessitating a second degree which gives the assumption the age of being appointed a consultant is somewhat above average. We aim to dispel (or prove, depending on one’s predisposition) such myths by analysing the age of surgeons when appointed to the General Medical Council’s specialist list. Method Information on the age of entry onto the surgical specialist lists between 1997 and 2018 was obtained from the General Medical Council (GMC). Data was suitably statistically analysed. Results 19,135 surgeons joined surgical specialist lists during the study period. General and trauma and orthopaedic surgery accounted for 60% of all surgeons (n = 11,444). The age on joining surgical specialist lists ranged from 27–83 years, with a mean of 41.4 years. Neurosurgeons most frequently joined the specialist list in the youngest age bracket. OMF surgeons, along with their cardiothoracic and vascular colleagues, are joint eldest by 1.3 years. Conclusions Since the creation of the specialist list, training has seen several upheavals. This data shows that despite each specialty’s specific requirements and individuals’ varying paths, there is little difference in the age when the consultant destination is reached.

Models For Forecasting The Number Of Russian Grandparents

Russian demographic statistics does not provide information about the number of grandparents. The aim of our study is to present models for forecasting their number. We used data from the Human Fertility Database to estimate the average age of a mother at the birth of her first child. Based on the simulated age of Russian women’s entry into grandparenthood, the time series of the number of Russian grandmothers was created. To obtain prospective estimates of the number of Russian grandmothers, we tested various models used in demography to forecast population size – mathematical (based on exponential and logistic functions) and statistical (based on statistical characteristics of time series). To estimate the number of grandmothers who are significantly involved in caring for grandchildren, we used data from the Federal statistical survey. Our results are as follows: 1) there is an increase in the age of entry into grandparenthood; 2) we estimated the size of potential grandmothers in different years and we found two models which are more appropriate for forecasting: linear trend model and average absolute growth model; 3) using these models, we predicted an increase in the number of both potential and active grandmothers in the next 5 years.

Miswriting (Especially Mirror Writing) of the Digits: An Ecological Assessment Using ELFE Data

The French National Cohort of Children Study (Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l'Enfance—ELFE) tested the literacy and numeracy skills of 4- to 5-year-old typically developing children in the second year of école maternelle. Tasks were administered by more than 4,000 teachers at schools across France. One of the study's numeracy tasks required participants to write the number of ducks (up to 5) they had counted. Analyzing the digits written by 14,904 children showed that miswritings were much more common for the digit 3 than for the digit 4. This result is consistent with the right-orienting rule, which young children in Western cultures apply when they do not know a digit's orientation, and which leads them to write, for example, ε instead of 3.The nature and frequency of miswritten digits did not differ significantly between the 466 children presumed to have written with their left hand and the 3,531 children presumed to have written with their right hand. However, a logistic mixed-effects regression showed that two other factors—age of entry to école maternelle and very early smartphone use—had a (modest) influence on the percentage of digits that were miswritten.

Differences in Children’s Social Development: How Migration Background Impacts the Effect of Early Institutional Childcare Upon Children’s Prosocial Behavior and Peer Problems

This article focuses on the early years of children from immigrant families in Germany. Research has documented disparities in young children’s development correlating with their family background (e.g., immigrant or ethnic minority status), making clear the importance of early intervention. Institutional childcare—as an early intervention for children at risk—plays an important role in Germany, as 34.3% of children below the age of three and 93% of children above that age are in external childcare. This paper focuses on the extent to which children from families with a background of migration differ in their social development when considering their age of entry into early external childcare (and thus its duration). Data from the infant cohort study of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS, N = 1,846) is used to analyze the impact of early institutional childcare before the age of 3 years on children’s social competence at the age of 5 years, controlling for gender, siblings, temperament, home learning activities, and socioeconomic status. Results show the effects of duration of early external childcare on peer problems for children from families with a background of migration, in such a way that children who attend early external childcare for more than 1 year before the age of three show less problem behavior with peers than those who attend for less than a year. These findings have equity implications for children with a migration background living in Germany, especially as the proportion of these children is trending upwards.

Statistical Estimates of the Number of Progenitors in Russian Regions

The paper explores the phenomenon of grandparen-tal labor as the activity of grandparents in relation to their grandchildren, the content of which is care, assistance to grandchildren, and their development. Methodological principles for estimating the number of actors of grandparental labor are formulated. On the basis of statistical data, the age of entry into the grandparenting is estimated, and the proportion of grandparents actively engaged in grandparental labor in the regions of Russia is calculated. The re-sults show that the involvement of women in grandparental labor is higher than that of men, and there is a positive correlation between these indica-tors; in Russia, there is a high regional differentia-tion of the involvement of grandparents in grandpa-rental labor. Creating conditions for the activation of grandparental labor in the Russian regions would increase the values of the active longevity index and get all the positive effects that arise in society when the involvement of grandparents in the life of their grandchildren increases.

Examining Policy Preferences for Prostitution Regulation Among American Males: The Influence of Contextual Beliefs

The arguments for criminalizing prostitution surround public concerns—moral order, public health, and safety. For this reason, an understanding of attitudes about the nature and consequences of the practice, particularly among American males, the presumed consumers of sex-related exchanges, is needed. Specifically, how do contextual beliefs about the nature of prostitution (e.g., negative health effects, victimization risk, age of entry) shape policy preferences regarding prostitution? Data from a nationally representative survey developed to solicit sensitive information are utilized to assess these attitudes among a large sample of American men ( N = 2,525). Results show that paradoxically most men approve of legalizing commercial sex exchange, even while believing the practice harms prostitutes by increasing victimization risk and reducing their overall well-being. Multivariate analysis indicates divides in opinion regarding legalization support. Implications are discussed.