Performance Enhancement of Optimized Link State Routing Protocol by Parameter Configuration for UANET

The growing need for wireless communication has resulted in the widespread usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in a variety of applications. Designing a routing protocol for UAVs is paramount as well as challenging due to its dynamic attributes. The difficulty stems from features other than mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), such as aerial mobility in 3D space and frequently changing topology. This paper analyzes the performance of four topology-based routing protocols, dynamic source routing (DSR), ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR), by using practical simulation software OPNET 14.5. Performance evaluation carries out various metrics such as throughput, delay, and data drop rate. Moreover, the performance of the OLSR routing protocol is enhanced and named “E-OLSR” by tuning parameters and reducing holding time. The optimized E-OLSR settings provide better performance than the conventional request for comments (RFC 3626) in the experiment, making it suitable for use in UAV ad hoc network (UANET) environments. Simulation results indicate the proposed E-OLSR outperforms the existing OLSR and achieves supremacy over other protocols mentioned in this paper.

Shapiro-Wilk Test to Detect The Routing Attacks In MANET

In the last recent years, the number of wireless devices has been growing and the security challenges increases too. Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) considers as a part of wireless network that connects mobile devices by using wireless channels without infrastructure. MANET use specific protocols to ensure the connectivity and exchange data between the source and destination. Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) is a table-driven protocol that keep the route to all destination at any times, unfortunately it can be affected by many active routing attacks that reduce its performance by dropping the exchange packets or stopping the forward of data. In this paper we present a new approach to detect any active routing attacks by using the concept of Shapiro-Wilk test. Our method of detection is easy to implement and does not require any modification in the standard version of OLSR routing protocol as we will demonstrate by NS-3 simulations the detection of Black hole, Worm hole and Node isolation attacks that consider as most known attacks in MANET. A real experience is done by creating a small ad hoc network that connect six wireless devices by using OLSR protocol and finally we detect the presence of an active routing attack by applying our proposed method.

An Optimized and Efficient Routing Protocol Application for IoV

IoV is the latest application of VANET and is the alliance of Internet and IoT. With the rapid progress in technology, people are searching for a traffic environment where they would have maximum collaboration with their surroundings which comprise other vehicles. It has become a necessity to find such a traffic environment where we have less traffic congestion, minimum chances of a vehicular collision, minimum communication delay, fewer communication errors, and a greater message delivery ratio. For this purpose, a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) was devised where vehicles were communicating with each other in an infrastructureless environment. In VANET, vehicles communicate in an ad hoc manner and communicate with each other to deliver messages, for infotainment purposes or for warning other vehicles about emergency scenarios. Unmanned aerial vehicle- (UAV-) assisted VANET is one of the emerging fields nowadays. For VANET’s routing efficiency, several routing protocols are being used like optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol, ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol, and destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV) protocol. To meet the need of the upcoming era of artificial intelligence, researchers are working to improve the route optimization problems in VANETs by employing UAVs. The proposed system is based on a model of VANET involving interaction with aerial nodes (UAVs) for efficient data delivery and better performance. Comparisons of traditional routing protocols with UAV-based protocols have been made in the scenario of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Later on, communication of vehicles via aerial nodes has been studied for the same purpose. The results have been generated through various simulations. After performing extensive simulations by varying different parameters over grid sizes of 300 × 1500 m to 300 × 6000 m, it is evident that although the traditional DSDV routing protocol performs 14% better than drone-assisted destination-sequenced distance vector (DA-DSDV) when we have number of sinks equal to 25, the performance of drone-assisted optimized link state routing (DA-OLSR) protocol is 0.5% better than that of traditional OLSR, whereas drone-assisted ad hoc on-demand distance vector (DA-AODV) performs 22% better than traditional AODV. Moreover, if we increase the number of sinks up to 50, it can be clearly seen that the DA-AODV outperforms the rest of the routing protocols by up to 60% (either traditional routing protocol or drone-assisted routing protocol). In addition, for parameters like MAC/PHY overhead and packet delivery ratio, the performance of our proposed drone-assisted variants of protocols is also better than that of the traditional routing protocols. These results show that our proposed strategy performs better than the traditional VANET protocols and plays important role in minimizing the MAC/PHY and enhancing the average throughput along with average packet delivery ratio.

IMPACT OF BLACK HOLE ATTACK ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING AND OPTIMIZED LINK STATE ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANETS

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are a collection of mobile nodes which are free to move from one place to another place without a central control entity. In MANETs the nodes are dependent on each other and the communication among mobile nodes is multi-hop due to which there are security issues in the MANETs protocols. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols are mostly used as proactive and reactive routing protocols in MANETs. This research work analyzed the performance of the OLSR and DSR protocols in the presence and absence of black hole (BH) attack in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and network load in various scenarios using OPNET Modeler 14.5 simulator. The results obtained in this research show that BH attack significantly degrades the performance of both DSR and OLSR protocols but due to the reactive nature of DSR routing protocol the performance is more degraded in DSR routing protocol as compared to OLSR routing protocol in the presence of BH attack.

Feasible QoS Routing for Ubiquitous Network

This article describes the design and development of an efficient event-based link-state QoS routing protocol using an Event Condition Action (ECA) scheme by incorporating novel agent technology. The event-based link-state QoS routing protocol includes two types of agents like Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol acts as a static agent and Multi-Point Relays (MPR) acts as a mobile agent. The OLSR agent creates and dispatches MPR agents across the network. MPR agents migrate and visit every mobile node in the network hosted by an OLSR agent to accumulate and supply mobile node and network status information to the OLSR agent. The OLSR agent collates information about neighboring nodes and network status information from MPR agents and provides it to the ECA scheme to establish a QoS route to transmit reliable data from the originator to the intended target node. Based on the information provided by the OLSR agent, the ECA scheme selects an efficient QoS route based on metrics such as minimal bandwidth, less error rate, better throughput, minimal latency, and low mobility rate required for the applications (for instance, audio, video, image, etc.) during transmission. The proposed scheme is tested by considering different types of OLSR routing events. Eventually, we evaluated the performance and compared ECA-QoS-OLSR with conventional OLSR routing protocols and the simulation results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed ECA scheme.

Efficient Deployment with Throughput Maximization for UAVs Communication Networks

The article presents a throughput maximization approach for UAV assisted ground networks. Throughput maximization involves minimizing delay and packet loss through UAV trajectory optimization, reinforcing the congested nodes and transmission channels. The aggressive reinforcement policy is achieved by characterizing nodes, links, and overall topology through delay, loss, throughput, and distance. A position-aware graph neural network (GNN) is used for characterization, prediction, and dynamic UAV trajectory enhancement. To establish correctness, the proposed approach is validated against optimized link state routing (OLSR) driven UAV assisted ground networks. The proposed approach considerably outperforms the classical approach by demonstrating significant gains in throughput and packet delivery ratio with notable decrements in delay and packet loss. The performance analysis of the proposed approach against software-defined UAVs (U-S) and UAVs as base stations (U-B) verifies the consistency and gains in average throughput while minimizing delay and packet loss. The scalability test of the proposed approach is performed by varying data rates and the number of UAVs.