application protocols
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Author(s):  
Maria Rita Caruso ◽  
Bartolomeo Megna ◽  
Lorenzo Lisuzzo ◽  
Giuseppe Cavallaro ◽  
Stefana Milioto ◽  
...  

Abstract The treatment of stone surfaces for their protection from ageing caused by natural and anthropogenic effects is an open issue in materials development for Cultural Heritage. We thought interesting to verify the suitability of a modified cellulose biofilm filled with halloysite nanotubes as wax compatibilizers to design a protecting layer. A hydraulic mortar was selected as a stone prototype. To improve the physico-chemical properties of the covering layer, wax microparticles have been incorporated to control transport, consolidation and wettability features. In particular, different application protocols have been studied, namely brushing and spraying, to assess whether the proposed procedures can be scaled up. Colorimetric analysis has been carried out to evidence the applicability in terms of color alteration after the treatment. Water adhesion was investigated by measuring the contact angle values as a function of time to obtain information on spreading and adsorption phenomena. These physico-chemical properties have been correlated to the microstructure evidenced by both electron and optical microscopies. Graphic abstract


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa O Al Enany ◽  
Hany M. Harb ◽  
Gamal Attiya

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) augurs new cutting-edge applications in modern life such as smart cities and smart grids. These applications require protocols more efficient for ensuring the reliability of data communications in the IoT networks. Many works state that IoT cannot meet their demands without application protocols improvement with Artificial Intelligence (AI) as IoT are expected to generate unprecedented traffic giving IoT researchers access to data that can help in studying and analyzing the demands and develop application protocols conceptions to meet the requirement of IoT applications. In literature, several works introduced AI in some layers of the TCP/IP model including wireless communication and routing. In this article, an evaluation of application protocols HTTP, MQTT, DDS, XMPP, AMQP, and CoAP has been presented; and subsequently, the power consumption prediction of MQTT and COAP based on the linear regression model is analyzed, in order to enhance data communications in IoT applications.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Borges ◽  
FS de Abreu ◽  
MC Mailart ◽  
RF Zanatta ◽  
CRG Torres

SUMMARY Objectives: This study evaluated bleaching efficacy, enamel microhardness, and roughness of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide (HP) gels (35%–40%) using different application protocols. Gel decomposition and pH alteration were also analyzed. Methods and Materials: Bovine enamel/dentin specimens were divided into groups according to the bleaching gel—Pola Office Plus (POP–SDI, 37.5% HP), Opalescence Boost (OPB–Ultradent, 40% HP), Whiteness HP (WHP–FGM, 35% HP)— and application protocol—single application (SA) and multiple application (MA) during the in-office session. Deionized water was used in control group (no bleaching). Thus, seven final groups were obtained (n=15/group). Color (CIE L*a*b*), surface microhardness (SMH), and roughness (Ra) were assessed before/after treatments. The pH of gels was measured, and HP concentration was determined with potassium permanganate titration method in different times. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey tests (5%). Results: All gels presented similar and clinically acceptable bleaching efficacy (ΔE>2.7) for both SA and MA, as well as no significant differences for SMH and Ra comparing the two protocols in the same gel. Peroxide decomposition significantly increased with time, but final gel concentrations were still high after 45 minutes (32.29% POP; 38.45% OPB; and 32.74% WHP). The pH decreased over time (initial - after 45 min) for WHP (6.83±0.07 - 5.81±0.06), but minimal alterations were observed for POP (8.09±0.09 - 7.88±0.07) and OPB (7.82±0.11 - 7.87±0.07). Conclusions: Peroxide decomposition was very low for all gels tested, and pH remained stable for POP and OPB gels. Bleaching protocol did not influence whitening efficacy and hazardous effects over enamel, thus potentially there was no clinical significance. Therefore, for the products tested, there is no evidence for recommending the gel change during the bleaching session.


Author(s):  
Chimeleze Collins Uchenna ◽  
Norziana Jamil ◽  
Roslan Ismail ◽  
Lam Kwok Yan ◽  
Mohamad Afendee Mohamed

Internet of things (IoT) is a concept that has been widely used to improve business efficiency and customer’s experience. It involves resource constrained devices connecting to each other with a capability of sending data, and some with receiving data at the same time. The IoT environment enhances user experience by giving room to a large number of smart devices to connect and share information. However, with the sophistication of technology has resulted in IoT applications facing with malware threat. Therefore, it becomes highly imperative to give an understanding of existing state-of-the-art techniques developed to address malware threat in IoT applications. In this paper, we studied extensively the adoption of static, dynamic and hybrid malware analyses in proffering solution to the security problems plaguing different IoT applications. The success of the reviewed analysis techniques were observed through case studies from smart homes, smart factories, smart gadgets and IoT application protocols. This study gives a better understanding of the holistic approaches to malware threats in IoT applications and the way forward for strengthening the protection defense in IoT applications.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Camila Vanessa Buturi ◽  
Rosario Paolo Mauro ◽  
Vincenzo Fogliano ◽  
Cherubino Leonardi ◽  
Francesco Giuffrida

Vegetables represent pillars of good nutrition since they provide important phytochemicals such as fiber, vitamins, antioxidants, as well as minerals. Biofortification proposes a promising strategy to increase the content of specific compounds. As minerals have important functionalities in the human metabolism, the possibility of enriching fresh consumed products, such as many vegetables, adopting specific agronomic approaches, has been considered. This review discusses the most recent findings on agronomic biofortification of vegetables, aimed at increasing in the edible portions the content of important minerals, such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iodine (I), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and silicon (Si). The focus was on selenium and iodine biofortification thus far, while for the other mineral elements, aspects related to vegetable typology, genotypes, chemical form, and application protocols are far from being well defined. Even if agronomic fortification is considered an easy to apply technique, the approach is complex considering several interactions occurring at crop level, as well as the bioavailability of different minerals for the consumer. Considering the latter, only few studies examined in a broad approach both the definition of biofortification protocols and the quantification of bioavailable fraction of the element.


2021 ◽  
pp. 446-453
Author(s):  
Yitzhak Spiegel ◽  
Orly Oren ◽  
Ralf-Udo Ehlers

Abstract The original vision of phytonematodes' biocontrol has been to reduce the pest population by natural enemies with the active involvement of the human role. Two main arguments against the use of chemical control to combat plant parasitic nematodes directed both the consumers and the producers to look for alternatives: health risks to the customers and ecological concerns. At the beginning, there had been many expectations about the potential of biocontrol to substitute, or at least to reduce dramatically, the treatments with chemicals to control phytonematodes. However, problems regarding the techniques and other concerns relevant to different issues of biocontrol resulted in polarizing attitudes toward this discipline. This chapter discusses the difficulties and restraints faced by the developers, producers and/or the consumers (farmers), including: (i) health and ecological concerns; (ii) production techniques; (iii) efficacy of the product in the field; (iv) field application protocols; (v) shelf life of the final product; and (vi) registration. The projection of global biological control taking over chemical control is also mentioned.


Author(s):  
Pedro Lamares Magro ◽  
Miguel Sousa Uva

Summary A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was ‘Does routine topical antimicrobial administration prevent sternal wound infection (SWI) after cardiac surgery? Altogether >238 papers were found using the reported search, of which 11 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. Several different antimicrobial agents, dosages and application protocols were found in the literature. Regarding topical vancomycin use, a meta-analysis by Kowalewski et al. demonstrated a 76% risk reduction in any SWI. Collagen-gentamicin sponge application was associated with a 38% risk reduction in SWI in another meta-analysis by Kowalewski et al., which included 4 randomized control trials and >23 000 patients. Lower evidence observational studies found benefit in the use of different regimes, including: combination of vancomycin paste and subcutaneous gentamycin; combined cefazoline and gentamicin spray; isolated cefazolin; bacitracin ointment; and rifampicin irrigation. We conclude that, in light of the body of evidence available, topical antibiotic application prevents SWI, including both superficial and deep SWI. The strongest evidence, derived from 2 meta-analyses, is related to the use of gentamicin-collagen sponges and topical vancomycin. Heterogeneity throughout studies regarding antibiotic agents, dosages, application protocols and SWI definition makes providing general recommendations challenging.


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