development regulation
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2022 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
Mohd Akhtar Ali ◽  
Mohd Khalid ◽  
- Hamiduddin ◽  
- Zaigham ◽  
Mohammad Aslam

Ilmul Saidala (Unani pharmacy) is an important pharmaceutical branch of Unani System of Medicine, also known as Greco-Arabic medicine. Its historical evolution is intricately related with that of human’s disease and sufferings. The earlier records about the Ilmul Saidala reveal that the Greco-Roman civilization is credited with its origin and development. Then, the Arabs preserved their medical legacy, and enriched it with their pharmaceutical experiments, innovations, and newer formulations. Most of the physicians rendered voluminous compendium known as “Al-Qarābādhīn” (pharmacopoeia) on the pharmacy including pharmaceutical as well as cosmeceutical preparations. After the fifth century, the development in Unani Pharmacy has been greatly contributed by Arab physicians and the world acclaimed piece of knowledge from this period is Avicenna’s ‘Canon of Medicine’. The medical influences of the Arabs helped in further development, regulation, and advancement of pharmaceutical sciences in the European soil and evolved it as a distinctive institution of respect and public welfare. The vastness of knowledge of Greco-Arabic period can be judged from the fact that the contemporary innovations and developments in the pharmaceutical industry is primarily owed to the original contributions of Greek, Egyptian, and Arab philosophers and physicians, such as Hippocrates, Pedanios Dioscorides, Galen of Pergamon, Avicenna, Rhazes, Geber etc. In India, Mughals, especially emperor Akbar was very instrumental in the propagation of Unani medicine and had appointed Unani physicians in different cities of his territory. Later on, Khandan Shareefi (Shareefi family) and Khandan Azizi (Azizi family) played important roles in the promotion of Unani Pharmacy. In post-independence India , Hạkīm ‘Abd al-Hạmeed established Unani pharmacies on the lines of the modern pharmaceutical industry for the mass production of Unani formulations in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines. At present, Unani System of Medicine and its pharmacies enjoys the patronage of Government in India and other South-East Asian countries, such as Pakistan and Bangladesh along with post graduate education in Unani pharmacy. The present work is a sincere attempt of authors to critically appraise the Unani Pharmaceutical potentials from the past, the current waves of developments and issues, and their possible ways forward. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. Vol. 21(1) 2022 Page : 24-36


Author(s):  
E.Yu. Boyko ◽  

At current time a financial state of agricultural enterprises is characterized as unstable. Among all the negative factors, a credit-financial system influences most significantly on social and economic indicators in agriculture. Analysis of a resource provision of realization of the State program of agriculture development, regulation of markets of agricultural products, raw materials and food showed the most of budgeting funds remains in the bank sector that, in return, leads to outflow of funds from agricultural branch and low profitability.


Bioengineered ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 9847-9859
Author(s):  
Rahul Saini ◽  
Carlos Saul Osorio-Gonzalez ◽  
Satinder Kaur Brar ◽  
Raymond Kwong

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Ai ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Wei-Hong Sun ◽  
Juan Chen ◽  
Diyang Zhang ◽  
...  

AbstractThe marvelously diverse Orchidaceae constitutes the largest family of angiosperms. The genus Cymbidium in Orchidaceae is well known for its unique vegetation, floral morphology, and flower scent traits. Here, a chromosome-scale assembly of the genome of Cymbidium ensifolium (Jianlan) is presented. Comparative genomic analysis showed that C. ensifolium has experienced two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, the most recent of which was shared by all orchids, while the older event was the τ event shared by most monocots. The results of MADS-box genes analysis provided support for establishing a unique gene model of orchid flower development regulation, and flower shape mutations in C. ensifolium were shown to be associated with the abnormal expression of MADS-box genes. The most abundant floral scent components identified included methyl jasmonate, acacia alcohol and linalool, and the genes involved in the floral scent component network of C. ensifolium were determined. Furthermore, the decreased expression of photosynthesis-antennae and photosynthesis metabolic pathway genes in leaves was shown to result in colorful striped leaves, while the increased expression of MADS-box genes in leaves led to perianth-like leaves. Our results provide fundamental insights into orchid evolution and diversification.


Author(s):  
Ravil R. Niyazov ◽  
Margarita A. Dranitsyna ◽  
Andrey N. Vasiliev ◽  
Elena V. Gavrishina

The legal framework for biosimilar medicinal product was first established in 2004 in the European Union and later in the USA. Since then, based on the scientific and regulatory experience with biosimilarity assessment, regulatory approaches have evolved considerably. A clear understanding of the capabilities of each development stage in assessing comparability in terms of power to identify differences and assess their relevance to the final clinical outcome gradually accumulated. In addition to the commitment to the biosimilarity approach, it is important to comply with the general requirements applicable to any drugs produced at an industrial scale. Experience showed that the demonstration of biosimilarity based on a range of analytical and functional tests and mainly clinical pharmacological studies is universal and allows extrapolating therapeutic indications. The establishment of biosimilar interchangeability, since the active substance by definition is a version of the active substance of the corresponding reference biological product, can introduce additional difficulties. A single approach to the establishment of biosimilar interchangeability has not yet been developed.


Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3322
Author(s):  
Emanuele Mocciaro ◽  
Valeria Runfola ◽  
Paola Ghezzi ◽  
Maria Pannese ◽  
Davide Gabellini

In the last decade, the sequence-specific transcription factor double homeobox 4 (DUX4) has gone from being an obscure entity to being a key factor in important physiological and pathological processes. We now know that expression of DUX4 is highly regulated and restricted to the early steps of embryonic development, where DUX4 is involved in transcriptional activation of the zygotic genome. While DUX4 is epigenetically silenced in most somatic tissues of healthy humans, its aberrant reactivation is associated with several diseases, including cancer, viral infection and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). DUX4 is also translocated, giving rise to chimeric oncogenic proteins at the basis of sarcoma and leukemia forms. Hence, understanding how DUX4 is regulated and performs its activity could provide relevant information, not only to further our knowledge of human embryonic development regulation, but also to develop therapeutic approaches for the diseases associated with DUX4. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the cellular and molecular processes regulated by DUX4 with a special emphasis on FSHD muscular dystrophy.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2153
Author(s):  
Jinxian Liu ◽  
Chang Zhang ◽  
Weihua Su ◽  
Guangheng Wu ◽  
Xianyu Fu ◽  
...  

Calmodulin (CaM), as an important factor in the calcium signaling pathway, is widely involved in plant growth and development regulation and responses to external stimuli. In this study, the full-length sequence of the ScCaM gene (GenBank: GQ246454) was isolated from the leaves of a Saccharum spp. hybrid. Prokaryotic expression showed that ScCaM could be solubly expressed and purified in Escherichia coli BL21. Subcellular localization confirmed that ScCaM was localized in the plasma membrane and nucleus of cells. A quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that ScCaM can be induced by various stresses, including sodium chloride (NaCl), chromium trichloride (CrCl3), salicylic acid (SA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Ectopic expression in Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrated that ScCaM can affect the growth and development of transgenic plants. Moreover, the qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the overexpression of the allogenic ScCaM gene inhibits the expression of AtSTM, leading to the phenomenon of multiple-tillering in transgenic A. thaliana. Furthermore, the expression patterns of ScCaM under abiotic stress and phytohormone stimulation in transgenic A. thaliana confirmed that ScCaM was involved in the responses to phytohormone, high salt, and heavy metal stresses. The present study provided valuable information and facilitates further investigation into the function of ScCaM in the future.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258371
Author(s):  
Changying Zheng ◽  
Lijuan Sun

Lysine crotonylation (Kcr) is a newly discovered posttranslational modification (PTM), which has been studied at the proteomics level in a few species, with the study of Kcr in female fertility and in insect species is still lacking. Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) is a well-known beneficial insect used as a natural biological control agent against aphids in agriculture. Here, global Kcr identification in ovarian tissue of H. axyridis at diapause stage was performed to reveal potential roles for Kcr in H. axyridis ovarian cellular processes, female fertility and diapause regulation. In total, 3084 Kcr sites in 920 proteins were identified. Bioinformatic analyses revealed the distribution of these proteins in multiple subcellular localization categories and their involvement in diverse biological processes and metabolism pathways. Carbohydrate and energy metabolism related cellular processes including citric acid cycle, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation appeared be affected by Kcr modification. In addition, regulation of translation and protein biosynthesis may reflect Kcr involvement in diapause in H. axyridis, with Kcr affecting ribosome activities and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, Kcr modulation H. axyridis ovary development regulation may share some common mechanism with Kcr participation in some disease progression. These processes and pathways were uncovered under diapause stage, but possibly not enriched/specific for diapause stage due to limitations of qualitative proteomics experimental design. Our results informs on the potential for Kcr modifications to regulate female fertility and insect physiology.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
Kerim KARADAL ◽  
Mortaza CHAYCHI SEMSARI ◽  
Oğuz KESKİN

The phenomenon of migration has been one of the important factors affecting and shaping the lives of countries and societies throughout history. In this respect, the evolution of immigration in its historical process has become a policy that is more carefully followed by countries today. So much so that the phenomenon of immigration has ceased to be based simply on economy around the world and has become a threat to the security of countries with the change of migration trends.   In every period of its history, Iran and Turkey have been a country of immigration for various reasons. Migration management and humanitarian fields are discussed in the article. In recent years, the issue of migration has been increasingly on the international agenda and is now seen as a very important issue for all governments; In terms of Iran, immigration management has become an issue that needs to be dealt with comprehensively and systematically in recent years for immigrants from countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan, and for Turkey, those coming from Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq. As a result of the intensification of migration movements in the world, the two countries have become more sensitive to the issue of migration in order to improve their migration management and make the necessary arrangements. In this study, migration management, migration governance, migration and development, regulation of migration, social integration approaches and models of immigrants are examined under two separate headings. The relationship between the mother country Iran and Turkey, immigration and identity policies in this area will be read and the consequences of this process on the immigration policies of these countries and its impact on countries will be examined and analyzed.


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