Inequality

Inequality: A Contemporary Approach to Race, Class, and Gender offers a comprehensive introduction to the topics animating current sociological research focused on inequality. Contemporary, engaging, and research-oriented, it is the ideal text to help undergraduate students master the basic concepts in inequality research and gain a deeper understanding of the ways in which race, class, and gender interact with systems of social stratification. Following an introduction to theories and research methods used in the field, the authors apply these concepts to areas that define inequality research, including social mobility, education, gender, race, and culture. The authors include up-to-date quantitative evidence throughout. The text concludes by examining policies that have facilitated inequality and reviewing the social movements that in turn seek to reshape those structures. Though primarily focused on the United States, it includes a chapter on stratification across the globe and draws on cross-national comparisons throughout.

Modernity as Crisis: Goeng Si and Vampires in Hong Kong Cinema (translation into Russian)

This article is a translation of a chapter from the collective monograph Draculas, vampires, and other undead forms: essays on gender, race, and culture, edited by John Edgar Browning and Caroline Joan (Kay) Picart (2009, Scarecrow Press). The author analyzes the question of how Hong Kong cinema responds to the complex situation of Hong Kong's transition from its status as a British territory on loan to a special territory with extended autonomy within the PRC. As a marker pointing to the crisis development of this process, the Chinese people's particular ideas about the so-called “goeng si” (“jumping corpses”) were chosen. These revived corpses move in a peculiar jumping way, due to which they received this name. According to the author, in the images of these creatures, as well as in the cinematic vampires that have become an integral part of films made by Hong Kong studios, all the contradictions of the cultural and political situation in Hong Kong are manifested as in a mirror. Despite the fact that Hong Kong was able to actively oppose the global cinema represented by Hollywood, it had to adjust to the global cinematic trends in which vampires played an important role. All of this led to a certain hybridity of images that combined both Western and Chinese traits.

Penerapan Interaksi Sosial Antar Masyarakat Melalui Moderasi Beragama Dan Sikap Toleransi di Desa Gentasari Kecamatan Kroya Kabupaten Cilacap

AbstrakModerasi Agama di Indonesia menjadi salah satu indikator yang penting dan dijadikan sebagai cara pandang (perspektif) dalam seluruh praktik kehidupan beragama sebab Indonesia memiliki berbagai macam keragaman, yaitu keragaman budaya, keragaman keyakinan (agama), keragaman suku, ras dan budaya. Dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, interaksi sosial sangat diperlukan untuk mewujudkan kerukunan antar umat beragama dengan saling bergotong royong. Dengan cara inilah masing-masing umat beragama dapat saling menghormati, menerima perbedaan, serta hidup berdampingan dengan aman dan tentram. Dalam konteks toleransi antar umat beragama, Islam memiliki konsep yang sangat jelas yaitu “Tidak ada paksaan dalam agama, bagiku agamaku dan bagimu agamamu”. Hal ini merupakan contoh populer toleransi dalam agama Islam. Untuk mewujudkan toleransi tersebut dapat diwujudkan dengan membina tiga kerukunan hidup beragama, yaitu kerukunan intern umat beragama, kerukunan antar umat beragama, dan kerukunan antar umat beragama dengan pemerintah. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dilakukan karena kurangnya pemahaman yang mengarah pada masyarakat umum, yang relatif rendahnya pengetahuan mengenai keagamaan di dalam masyarakat. Maka sikap moderasi beragama dengan menerapkan sikap toleransi perlu dibangun kepada masyarakat sebagai suatu pengakuan atas keberadaan pihak lain sebagai sikap menghormati adanya berbagai macam perbedaan. Perbedaan agama didalam masyarakat inilah yang menjadikan alasan untuk tidak saling menyakiti dan menghakimi justru saling mempersatukan. Metode ini menggunakan tahap wawancara yang dapat digunakan dalam bentuk wawancara secara langsung dengan beberapa narasumber. Dokumentasi yang dimaksud merupakan suatu usaha dari berbagai pengumpulan data yang di dapat dengan cara mengumpulkan hasil dari dokumen-dokumen yang bersangkutan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis. Dalam metode dokumentasi ini telah dilakukan untuk memperoleh data mengenai keadaan tempat lokasi yang diteliti baik dari segi geografis, keagamaan, tradisi, dan keadaan penduduk yang terdapat di Desa Gentasari.Hasil dari kegiatan yaitu, terlaksananya pengajin sesuai dengan tema Kuliah Kerja Nyata di Desa Gentasari, serta mengetahui toleransi dan interaksi yang ada di Desa Gentasari. Kata Kunci: Moderasi Agama, Interaksi Sosial, ToleransiAbstractModeration of religion in Indonesia is an important indicator and is used as a perspective (perspective) in all practices of religious life because Indonesia has various kinds of diversity, namely cultural diversity, diversity of beliefs (religion), ethnic diversity, race and culture. In social life, social interaction is needed to create inter-religious harmony by working together. In this way, each religious community can respect each other, accept differences, and live side by side in a safe and peaceful way. In the context of inter-religious tolerance, Islam has a very clear concept, namely "There is no compulsion in religion, for me it is my religion and for you your religion". This is a popular example of tolerance in Islam. To realize this tolerance, it can be realized by fostering three religious harmony, namely internal harmony between religious communities, inter-religious harmony, and inter-religious harmony with the government. Community service activities are carried out due to a lack of understanding that leads to the general public, which is relatively low in knowledge about religion in society. So the attitude of religious moderation by applying an attitude of tolerance needs to be built to the community as an acknowledgment of the existence of other parties as an attitude of respect for various kinds of differences. Religious differences in society are what make the reasons not to hurt each other and judge each other to unite each other. This method uses the interview stage which can be used in the form of direct interviews with several sources. The documentation in question is an effort from various data collections that can be obtained by collecting the results of the documents concerned with the research conducted by the author. In this documentation method, it has been carried out to obtain data regarding the condition of the locations studied both in terms of geography, religion, tradition, and the condition of the population in Gentasari Village, and knowing the tolerance and interaction in Gentasari Village.Key Word: Religious Moderation, Social Interaction, Tolerance

THE MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF TURKEY-AZERBAIJAN RELATIONS

Turkey and Azerbaijan are two states that have a unity of history, language, religion, race and culture and have to think about each other and act together in all their practices and purposes in the region. Looking at the development in Turkey-Azerbaijan trade, both import and export figures are increasing. This indicates that the ties between the two countries are getting stronger. The Karabakh Victory in 2020 brought the two countries even closer. Because Turkey supported Azerbaijan with all its might during the war. Turkey's support has created great satisfaction on the Azerbaijani side. The cooperation of the two countries has driven the invading and aggressor Armenia out of Karabakh. All these developments created the beginning of a new era in the region. The future political, military, economic and social relations of Turkey and Azerbaijan, which have acted together since history, will increase. With the opening of the Zangezur corridor, regional and world trade will be revived. Peace, tranquility, stability and economic development will be ensured in the Caucasus. With thisstudy, both the meaning and importance of Turkey-Azerbaijan relations and the effects of the Karabakh Victory are tried to be evaluated. Purpose: To evaluate the Turkey-Azerbaijan relations and the effects of the Karabakh Victory within the framework of these relations. Methodology: To evaluate the developments according to scientific sources and statistics. Scientific novelty:Relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan could not develop during the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). When the USSR collapsed in 1991, relations between the two countries improved. Armenia's occupation of Azerbaijani lands and its baseless claims against the two countries were weakened by the Karabakh Victory. It is important to investigate the effects of these post-victory relationships

Looming Diasporic In-Betweenness: A Critical Study of Hybridity and Culture in Agha Shahid Ali’s Poetic World

Hybridity is an outcome of consistent movement and interaction of two different aspects of human existence. The forces of nature when confluence each other cause hybrid existence bringing the traces of both into it. It may by and large cohabit the space and time, race and culture, philosophy and religion etc. It encompasses the divergent modes of existence, thinking patterns, behavioral norms, socio-cultural ethos, political and administrative ambience. Diasporic Hybridity is pertinent discourse. It is cause of anxiety in the early stage of migrant experience whereas settling base of later stage of existence of diasporic community. Present paper is an attempt to trace the threads of looming diasporic in-betweenness as reflected in the poetry of Agha Shahid Ali.

Ethno-Nationalism: Theories and the Dynamics of the Demand for the New Federating Units

Ethnicity has been not only the source of diversity but also social and political tensions across the globe. The socio-economic and political alienation and sense of deprivation trigger ethnonationalism that manifests itself into different forms and manifestations ranging from armed struggles to political movements. The failure to establish a vibrant and pluralist society with social and economic justice at its heart paves the way for ethnic strife that attracts different responses and reactions from the states faced with the ethnic conflict. Based on the qualitative research methods, this scholarly endeavor seeks to dissect the dynamics and drivers of ethnic-nationalism and how the countries like India, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Switzerland, the Philippines and South Africa have tried to address the problem. Further, it analyses the different theoretical approaches, notably primordialism, constructivism, instrumentalist, language and power, religion, race and culture have been employed by the countries to tackle the non-traditional threat posed by ethnonationalism.

Pemikiran KH. M. Sholeh Bahruddin dan Praktiknya dalam Toleransi Beragama di Pondok Pesantren Ngalah Pasuruan (The Thought of KH. M. Sholeh Bahruddin and His Practices in the Religious Tolerance in Pondok Pesantren Ngalah Pasuruan)

ABSTRACT Understanding religious tolerance from the perspective of kiai Sholeh is that basically religion presents on earth as a guide and conveyer of peace for people. The purpose of this research is to determine the religious tolerance from the perspective of KH. M. Sholeh Bahruddin and to explore the practice. This research is a type of qualitative research with a phenomenological approach and the theory of structural functionalism by Talcott Parsons where data sources classified as primary and secondary data. The data collection techniques applied in this study are participant observation, in-depth interviews and documentation studies. In this study, the data analysis process includes data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. The results of the study discover that religious tolerance from the perspective of kiai Sholeh are derived from the commands of the Qur'an and hadith, orders from parents and teachers, the application of the ideology of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah. Kyai Sholeh's practice of religious tolerance in Sufism includes the application of Galak Gampil's fiqh law, and peaceful behavior towards anyone. This reflected in his da'wah with the method of "embracing not hitting, looking for friends, not looking for opponents, inviting not to mock and spreading mercy not curses" and adhering to his principles of associating with non-Muslims, namely "Single skipper is only different in appearance" and "there are no minority nor majority communities, but plurality” for all humans without being limited by ethnicity, religion, race, and culture. The attitude of tolerance includes: broad and honest, namely: the attitude of students in having many and deep scientific views and insights, both worldly science, ukhrowi science and social science. Keywords: tolerance; religious; KH. M. Soleh BahruddinABSTRAKDalam memahami toleransi beragama perspektif kiai Sholeh pada dasarnya agama hadir di muka bumi sebagai petunjuk dan pembawa ketentraman bagi umatnya. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu Mengetahui toleransi beragama perspektif KH. M. Sholeh Bahruddin dan mengetahui praktik toleransi beragama. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi serta teori struktural fungsionalisme Talcott Parsons dengan sumber data menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data yang diperlukan dalam penelitian ini yaitu observasi partisipan, wawancara mendalam dan studi dokumentasi. Dalam penelitian ini, proses analisis data yaitu meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data dan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa toleransi beragama perspektif kiai Sholeh yaitu perintah Al-Qur’an dan hadis, perintah orang tua bersama guru, penerapan ideologi ahlus wal jamaah Sunnah. Praktik toleransi beragama kiai Sholeh dalam tasawuf yaitu meliputi penerapan hukum fikih Galak Gampil, perilaku hidup damai terhadap siapa pun. Hal ini tercermin dalam dakwah beliau dengan metode "merangkul tidak memukul, mencari kawan tidak mencari lawan, mengajak tidak mengejek dan menebar rahmat bukan laknat" serta berpegang pada prinsip bergaul beliau terhadap nonmuslim yaitu “Tunggal juragan hanya beda penampilan” dan “tidak ada masyarakat minoritas dan mayoritas namun yang ada adalalah pluralitas” kepada semua manusia tanpa dibatasi sekat suku, agama, ras, dan budaya. Sikap toleransi meliputi: luas dan juwes, yaitu: sikap santri di dalam berpandangan dan berwawasan keilmuan yang banyak dan mendalam, baik keilmuan duniawi ilmu ukhrowi serta ilmu sosial kemasyarakatan.Kata kunci: toleransi; beragama; KH. M. Soleh Bahruddin.