THE INFLUENCE OF THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN ON THE CONTENT OF FATTY OIL AND OTHER BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN THE FRUITS OF MILK THISTLE SPOTTED

The object of the study was the fruits of milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L) Gaertn.] and fatty oil obtained from them by hexane extraction in the Soxlet apparatus. The aim of the study was to study the influence of natural and climatic conditions on the accumulation of fatty oil and other biologically active substances in the fruits of milk thistle growing on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan. It was found that the content of fatty oil and proteins in the fruits of milk thistle increases with a decrease in air temperature, an increase in the amount of precipitation and soil moisture at the place of growth; the content of carbohydrates and flavolignans in the studied samples of milk thistle fruits is inversely dependent on the content of fatty oil. It was revealed that with an increase in the amount of precipitation and a decrease in the amount of active temperatures during the change of the natural and climatic zone from the foothill Kaitagsky to the high-mountain Kulinsky district, the total content of unsaturated fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid, in milk thistle oil samples decreases. The method of differential scanning calorimetry has been used to study the thermophysical properties of the fatty oil of milk thistle growing in the Kulinsky, Levashinsky and Kaitagsky districts of Dagestan. The results of the thermal analysis are in good agreement with the conclusions obtained from the results of chemical and chromatographic analysis, differential scanning calorimetry allows us to identify trends in the change in the fatty acid and triglyceride composition of milk thistle fatty oil, depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the growth of milk thistle.

Adoption of Promising Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) Genotypes for Yield and Quality Characteristics in the Semiarid Climate of Turkey

This study was conducted for two seasons from 2018 to 2020 to determine fenugreek genotypes yield and quality characteristics under semiarid climatic conditions. Fenugreek genotypes viz., Adana, Afghanistan, Gaziantep, Iraq, Kahramanmaraş, Kayseri, Mardin, Şanlıurfa with varieties of Berkem and Gürarslan were used as plant material in the research. Field trials were conducted with four replications according to the randomized complete block design. The results revealed that the time to emergence varied from 16.0 to 19.9 days, 50% flowering from 160.9 to 170.4 days, and the vegetation period from 202.0 to 209.3 days. According to the results of two years of research, plant height varied from 64.60 to 78.70 cm, first pod height from 25.26 to 41.76 cm, pod width from 2.91 to 3.29 mm, pod length from 10.07 to 12.60 cm, number of pods per plant from 12.00 to 18.73, number of seeds per pod from 12.55 to 15.55, biological yield from 5.12 to 7.62 t/ha−1, seed yield from 0.91 to 1.38 t/ha−1, harvest index from 17.91 to 24.35%, thousand-seed weight from 13.87 to 17.45 g, fatty oil content from 5.18 to 9.16%, fatty oil yield from 49.3 to 111.6 kg ha−1, and the trigonelline ratio varied from 0.71 to 1.32%. Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for the pod width, while highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) were observed for all other parameters. According to the research results, Mardin, Kayseri, and Adana genotypes were statistically in the same group with Berkem cultivar in terms of seed yield. A higher fatty oil content was obtained in the Afghanistan genotype (9.16%) than in the Berkem cultivar (8.11%). Gaziantep, Mardin, Şanlıurfa, and Kayseri genotypes contained higher trigonellin than the Berkem and Gürarslan varieties. The obtained information was the result of the Mardin, Kayseri, Adana, Gaziantep, and Afghanistan genotypes that can be used in breeding studies.

PROCESSING OF BITTER ALMOND KERNELS AND OBTAINING EXTRACTS BASED ON THEM

Mountain almond kernels (seed) processing products are of practical interest as fungicidal, antimicrobial and antiviral substances, and also find application in medicine and cosmetics for various purposes. The composition and some technological properties of seeds of mountain almond seed (Amygdalus communis L. varietas amara DC.). Cultivated in the mountain zones (Bostanlyq) of Uzbekistan were studied. To obtain seeds from cold pressing, fatty oil was separated. The cake was degreased with organic solvents, the residues were dried and ground. Using gas-liquid chromatography, the presence of 3.24% amygdalin in the composition of crushed powder of bitter almonds was established. Spectral analysis of bitter almond powder showed the presence of Mg, P, Ca, K, Si, Sr, Fe, Mn, B, Cu and other elements. The nitrogen content of the powder determined by the Dume method was 5.72 (±0.2)%. Aqueous and ethanol extracts were obtained from bitter almond powder with a yield of 10.5 and 13.2%. Chromatographic analysis of the composition of the extracts showed the presence of 0.0029% amygdalin in aqueous and 27.2% in ethanol extracts. Protein with a yield of 35.25±0.2% was isolated from the studied powder of bitter almonds. The protein is purified by dialysis, centrifugation and identified by IR spectroscopy. The amino acid analysis of the composition of the hydrolyzate protein of bitter almonds showed the presence of glycine, aspartic acid, arginine, glutamine, alanine and other amino acids. Bitter almond seed powder, extracts and protein isolated from it are of practical interest for cosmetology practice.

ANALISIS CEMARAN AIR LIMBAH PADA SUMUR BOR DI SEKITAR RPH RUMINANSIA CIPTAKARYA PANAM PEKANBARU

The objectives of this reserch are to analysis the wastewater content of Ruminasiat RPH Pekanbaru City and compare it with the quality standard of waste water, namely PermenLH No.5/2014. Then analysis the quality of bore well water used by the community around the RPH Ruminansia and compare it with Permenkes No.416 / Men.kes / Per / IX / 20 and analysis the social economic impact of the community living around the RPH. The wastewater parameters measured were BOD, COD, TSS, fatty oil, organic nitrogen and pH. While the parameters of the wellbore water are color, odor, taste, TDS, pH, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, and total coliform.The results of reseach show indicate that Ruminansia RPH wastewater is above the quality standard, except for the pH parameter. Meanwhile, drilled well water with a distance of approximately 5 meters does not meet the quality standards for clean water quality including total coliform and nitrate parameters, well water with a distance of 50 meters meets the requirements for clean water quality that can be utilized by the surrounding community.

Seasonal variation of fatty and essential oil in terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.) fruit

A member of Anacardiaceae family, terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.) is a perennial tree that is evergreen. Terebinth is spread on a very wide area in Turkey, from the Mediterranean costs to South-Eastern Anatolia. In the present study, to determine seasonal variation of fatty oil and essential oil in terebinth fruits, harvests were made when the fruit colour was Green (GF), Red (RF), Red-Black (RBF) and Black (BF). Upon ripening, fatty oil rate in the fruit raised from 13.40% to 37.08%, while essential oil rate reduced from 0.116% to 0.082%. In all growth periods, oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids made-up the main composition of the oil, and through growth there was increase in the amounts of oleic and palmitic oil acids while a decrease was reported in linoleic acid rate. In terms of essential oil compounds, α- pinene, limonene, p-cymen-8-ol and p-anisaldehyde composed the main compounds, the highest α- pinene rate was observed during BF period as 37.23%, the highest limonene rate was observed during RBF period as 22.01%, while the highest p-cymen-8-ol and panisaldehyde rates have been observed during the GF harvest period by 11.29% and 7.25%, respectively. In conclusion is that the fruit should be harvested during the black fruit colour, when the fruit is fully ripened, in order to get a good quality fruit and aroma and people picking the fruit from nature should be trained about this.

Organic Substances Reduction in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) After Cultivation with Locally Isolated Microalgae

This work aims to study the ability of locally isolated microalgae to reduce organic substances in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) which was carried out on a laboratory scale. Inoculum with a concentration of 20% was cultivated into POME media with various concentration of LP100 (without dilution), LP75 (25% dilution), and LP50 (50% dilution) using aeration and continuous lighting for 15 days in vessels with a lighting intensity of 1300 lux. Biomass of microalgae were observed daily and analyzed in dry weight by means of spectrophotometry using 624 nm wavelength to get their growth by determining the content of algae biomass. The reduction of organic substances in POME was observed by measuring the COD, BOD phosphate, ammonium, nitrate, and fatty oil parameters every 3 hours with the standard method. Results show that the growth of microalgae occurred well in POME media at LP75 and LP50 concentrations with inoculum concentration of 20% under 1300 lux lighting intensity conditions with a continuous 24-hour lighting and aeration cycle that obtained biomass content of 0.92 and 1.08 g-DW/L, respectively. The presence of microalgae in POME at concentration of LP75 for 12 days reduced organic substances and nutrients reaching 80.74% - 99.70%. Some parameters that were reduced include BOD (99.35%), COD (89.57%), TSS (89.68%), Phosphate (97.70%), Ammonium (95.08%), Fatty Oil (99.70%), and Nitrates (80.74%). This study concludes that locally isolated microalgae have ability to treat POME safely for environment and as a growing medium for microalgae followed by a decrease in organic substances.