Research on Route Deviation Transit Operation Scheduling—A Case Study in Suburb No. 5 Road of Harbin

Route deviation transit is a flexible “door-to-door” service method that combines the efficiency of conventional public transport modes and the flexibility of demand response modes, meeting the travel needs of people with low travel density and special groups. In this paper, the minimum value of the sum of vehicle operating cost and passenger travel cost was the optimal goal, and the RDT multi-vehicle operation scheduling model was constructed. Taking the available relaxation time as the control parameter of the RDT system and considering the insertion process of the random travel demand of the passengers during the operation process, we used a heuristic search algorithm to solve the scheduling model. This paper took Suburb No. 5 Road of Harbin as an example, using MATLAB to simulate the RDT operation scheduling model to verify the stability and feasibility of the RDT system under different demands. The results showed that under different demand conditions, the system indicators such as passenger travel time, waiting time, and vehicle mileage in the RDT system fluctuated very little, and the system performance was relatively stable. Under the same demand conditions, the per capita cost of the RDT system was 5.9% to 10.8% less than that of the conventional bus system. When the demand ρ is 20~40 person/hour, the RDT system is more effective than the conventional bus for the 5 bus in the suburbs of Harbin.

RNA sequencing-based exploration of the effects of blue laser irradiation on mRNAs involved in functional metabolites of D. officinales

Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (D. officinale) has promising lung moisturizing, detoxifying, and immune boosting properties. Light is an important factor influencing functional metabolite synthesis in D. officinale. The mechanisms by which lasers affect plants are different from those of ordinary light sources; lasers can effectively address the shortcomings of ordinary light sources and have significant interactions with plants. Different light treatments (white, blue, blue laser) were applied, and the number of red leaves under blue laser was greater than that under blue and white light. RNA-seq technology was used to analyze differences in D. officinale under different light treatments. The results showed 465, 2,107 and 1,453 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LB-B, LB-W and W-B, respectively. GO, KEGG and other analyses of DEGs indicated that D. officinale has multiple blue laser response modes. Among them, the plasma membrane, cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, heat shock proteins, etc. play central roles. Physiological and biochemical results verified that blue laser irradiation significantly increases POD, SOD, and PAL activities in D. officinale. The functional metabolite results showed that blue laser had the greatest promoting effect on total flavonoids, polysaccharides, and alkaloids. qPCR verification combined with other results suggested that CRY DASH, SPA1, HY5, and PIF4 in the blue laser signal transduction pathway affect functional metabolite accumulation in D. officinale through positively regulated expression patterns, while CO16 and MYC2 exhibit negatively regulated expression patterns. These findings provide new ideas for the efficient production of metabolites in D. officinale.

Optimal sensor and actuator placement for feedback control of vortex shedding

We consider linear feedback control of the two-dimensional flow past a cylinder at low Reynolds numbers, with a particular focus on the optimal placement of a single sensor and a single actuator. To accommodate the high dimensionality of the flow, we compute its leading resolvent forcing and response modes to enable the design of $\mathcal {H}_2$ -optimal estimators and controllers. We then investigate three control problems: (i) optimal estimation (OE) in which we measure the flow at a single location and estimate the entire flow; (ii) full-state information control (FIC) in which we measure the entire flow but actuate at only one location; and (iii) the overall feedback control problem in which a single sensor is available for measurement and a single actuator is available for control. We characterize the performance of these control arrangements over a range of sensor and actuator placements and discuss implications for effective feedback control when using a single sensor and a single actuator. The optimal sensor and actuator placements found for the OE and FIC problems are also compared with those found for the overall feedback control problem over a range of Reynolds numbers. This comparison reveals the key factors and conflicting trade-offs that limit feedback control performance.

Time Is Relative: How Framing of Time Estimation Affects the Accuracy of Cost Information

Accurate cost information is critical to effective decision making within organizations. Cost computations often rely on subjective judgments by employees regarding the amount of time that different tasks consume. In an experimental setting, we examine the accuracy of two common approaches to eliciting subjective time estimates vital for accurate cost information. Specifically, we compare estimation error when employees estimate (i) the total time for all iterations of a task (the pool approach) versus (ii) the average time for one iteration of a task (the unit approach). These two approaches have received interest by both practitioners and researchers and are at the heart of the difference between conventional activity-based costing (ABC) and time-driven ABC. While mathematically equivalent, we hypothesize and find that the two approaches evoke different cognitive processes that lead to differences in estimation error. Relative to the unit approach, the pool approach produces larger error in the allocation of time among different tasks, but only when the number of iterations per task varies across tasks. Further, the pool approach results in overestimation of productive time, whereas the unit approach leads to underestimation of productive time. Our findings are robust to different response modes of the pool approach (estimates in absolute time units and in percentages). This study is relevant for designers and users of cost and performance-measurement systems in that allocation errors lead to cost cross-subsidization and poor resource-allocation decisions, while overall errors undermine capacity utilization decisions. This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting.

Effects of global warming on plateau plants

Biological and ecological environment in the plateau climate warming, abiotic environmental factors to different degrees of change were summed up from the macroscopic level to microcosmic individual physiological level of global climate change response model. The study summarized the research achievements at home and abroad, pointed out the plant phenology, photosynthesis, nutrient structure and presents different response patterns. These different response modes, from micro to macro, will eventually lead to changes in the structure and function of the Plateau ecosystem. This will threaten the survival and development of the Plateau plants on a large scale. Finally, the future research emphases in this field would be prospected. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 963-968, 2021 (September) Special

A Flexible Demand Response Dispatch Strategy Considering Multiple Response Modes and Wind Power Uncertainty

The growth of energy consumption has led to the depletion of fossil energy and the increasing greenhouse effect. In this case, low carbonization has become an important trend in the world’s energy development, in which clean energy occupies an important position. The uncertainties brought by the large-scale integration of wind power, photovoltaic and other renewable energy sources into the grid pose a serious challenge to system dispatch. The participation of demand response (DR) resources can flexibly cooperate with renewable energy, optimizing system dispatch and promoting renewable energy consumption. Thus, we propose a flexible DR scheduling strategy based on multiple response modes in this paper. We first present a DR resource operation model based on multivariate response modes. Then, the uncertainties are considered and dealt with by scenario generation and reduction technology. Finally, a day-head dispatch strategy considering flexible DR operation and wind power uncertainties is established. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy promotes wind power consumption and reduces system operation costs.

How a ball free to orbit in a circular track mitigates the galloping of a square prism

Transverse galloping is a type of flow-induced vibration (FIV) that leads to critical design considerations for engineering structures. A purely nonlinear energy sink (NES) composed of a ball free to rotate in a circular track experimentally mitigated the galloping of a square in a previous study. The current study introduces a model for simulating the dynamics of the square prism coupled with a ball-in-track (BIT) NES and predicting the system behaviour at high flow speeds beyond the limits of the previously presented experiments. Numerical simulations employ the fitting of experimental data as inputs to define parameters. Wind tunnel static experiments provide the galloping force coefficient [[EQUATION]] relative to the prism angle of attack. Additionally, free rotation tests allow evaluating the ball damping coefficient [[EQUATION]] as a function of its mass and the NES track radius. The result of the rotation tests provides a critical angular speed beyond which the ball damping increases non-linearly. We point out the damping variation as an advantage of the BIT-NES; less damping at low angular velocities helps the ball start its rotation, while relatively large damping at higher speeds dissipates more energy from the vibrating system. Numerical results exhibit four response modes for the NES; oscillatory at low flow speeds, intermittent within a small range of higher flow speeds, rotational at higher flow speeds, and ineffective regime at flow speeds out of the NES effective range. Modelling the primary mass as a parametric excitation source for the NES provides an analytical estimation of the boundary between the oscillatory and intermittent regimes. Furthermore, we advance an analytical analysis of the power flow across the integrated prism-NES system to explain the NES behaviour and predict the limit of its effective range.

The loci of Stroop effects: a critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection

Despite instructions to ignore the irrelevant word in the Stroop task, it robustly influences the time it takes to identify the color, leading to performance decrements (interference) or enhancements (facilitation). The present review addresses two questions: (1) What levels of processing contribute to Stroop effects; and (2) Where does attentional selection occur? The methods that are used in the Stroop literature to measure the candidate varieties of interference and facilitation are critically evaluated and the processing levels that contribute to Stroop effects are discussed. It is concluded that the literature does not provide clear evidence for a distinction between conflicting and facilitating representations at phonological, semantic and response levels (together referred to as informational conflict), because the methods do not currently permit their isolated measurement. In contrast, it is argued that the evidence for task conflict as being distinct from informational conflict is strong and, thus, that there are at least two loci of attentional selection in the Stroop task. Evidence suggests that task conflict occurs earlier, has a different developmental trajectory and is independently controlled which supports the notion of a separate mechanism of attentional selection. The modifying effects of response modes and evidence for Stroop effects at the level of response execution are also discussed. It is argued that multiple studies claiming to have distinguished response and semantic conflict have not done so unambiguously and that models of Stroop task performance need to be modified to more effectively account for the loci of Stroop effects.

Dynamic finite cylindrical cavity-expansion models for cellular steel tube confined concrete targets normally impacted by rigid sharp-nosed projectiles

Cellular steel-tube-confined concrete (CSTCC) targets show improved anti-penetration performance over single-cell STCC targets due to the confinement effect of surrounding cells on the impacted cell. Dynamic finite cylindrical cavity-expansion (FCCE) models including radial confinement effect were developed to predict the depth of penetration (DOP) for CSTCC targets normally penetrated by rigid sharp-nosed projectiles, and stiffness of radial confinement was achieved with the elastic solution of infinite cylindrical shell in Winkler medium. Steady responses of dynamic FCCE models were obtained on the assumption of incompressibility of concrete, failure of comminuted zone with Heok–Brown criterion and two possible response modes of the confined concrete in the impacted cell. Furthermore, a DOP model for CSTCC targets normally impacted by rigid projectiles was also proposed on the basis of the dynamic FCCE approximate model. Lastly, relevant penetration tests of CSTCC targets normally penetrated by 12.7 mm armor piecing projectile (APP) were taken as examples to validate the dynamic FCCE models and the corresponding DOP model. The results show that the DOP results based on dynamic FCCE model agree well with those of the CSTCC targets normally penetrated by rigid conical or other sharp-nosed projectiles.

Analysis of temporal gene regulation of Listeria monocytogenes revealed distinct regulatory response modes after exposure to high pressure processing

Background The pathogen Listeria (L.) monocytogenes is known to survive heat, cold, high pressure, and other extreme conditions. Although the response of this pathogen to pH, osmotic, temperature, and oxidative stress has been studied extensively, its reaction to the stress produced by high pressure processing HPP (which is a preservation method in the food industry), and the activated gene regulatory network (GRN) in response to this stress is still largely unknown. Results We used RNA sequencing transcriptome data of L. monocytogenes (ScottA) treated at 400 MPa and 8∘C, for 8 min and combined it with current information in the literature to create a transcriptional regulation database, depicting the relationship between transcription factors (TFs) and their target genes (TGs) in L. monocytogenes. We then applied network component analysis (NCA), a matrix decomposition method, to reconstruct the activities of the TFs over time. According to our findings, L. monocytogenes responded to the stress applied during HPP by three statistically different gene regulation modes: survival mode during the first 10 min post-treatment, repair mode during 1 h post-treatment, and re-growth mode beyond 6 h after HPP. We identified the TFs and their TGs that were responsible for each of the modes. We developed a plausible model that could explain the regulatory mechanism that L. monocytogenes activated through the well-studied CIRCE operon via the regulator HrcA during the survival mode. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the timely activation of TFs associated with an immediate stress response, followed by the expression of genes for repair purposes, and then re-growth and metabolism, could be a strategy of L. monocytogenes to survive and recover extreme HPP conditions. We believe that our results give a better understanding of L. monocytogenes behavior after exposure to high pressure that may lead to the design of a specific knock-out process to target the genes or mechanisms. The results can help the food industry select appropriate HPP conditions to prevent L. monocytogenes recovery during food storage.