cell synthesis
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2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kovalchuk ◽  
T. Mudrak

Bioethanol production is a key issue that helps meet the growing demand for energy resources and ensure a sustainable economy. A promising direction is producing bioethanol by using the technology of fermentation of high-concentration wort obtained from the dry matter of grain raw materials. The purpose of this work is researching osmophilic races of distiller’s yeast under the conditions of fermentation of high-concentration wort at increased acidity. Selective breeding of a new strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-16 has allowed obtaining ethanol producers able to ferment grain wort with the dry matter concentration 24–34% at pH 6.0–3.0, with alcohol accumulation in the fermented wash up to 17% vol.  It has been studied how the pH of wort affects the dynamics of yeast cell synthesis by the distiller’s yeast races Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-11 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-16. It has been established that at the pH values 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0, the concentration of yeast cells in the race Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-16 was higher by 2.6, 1.7, 1.5, and 1.4 times respectively, as compared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-11. It has been found that culturing industrial yeast of these races at low pH values ​​will provide not only the required sterility of the substrate, but also a high content of yeast cells, which is 250–320 million/cm³. The chemical and technological parameters of the fermented wash obtained by using the yeast races Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-11 and DO-16 at the wort concentration 20–34% DM have been studied. It has been found that under all research conditions, the yeast of the race Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-16 synthesised more ethanol than the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-11 did. The use of a new high-productive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-16 will allow fermenting wort with a high ethanol concentration in the wash. It will also reduce the consumption of heat expended on isolating alcohol from the wash and of water expended on cooling, and lessen the amount of post-alcohol stillage.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaima Azouzi ◽  
Mariam Jaafar ◽  
Christophe Dez ◽  
Raghida Abou Merhi ◽  
Annick Lesne ◽  
...  

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) production represents the most active transcription in the cell. Synthesis of the large rRNA precursors (35S/47S in yeast/human) is achieved by up to hundreds of RNA polymerase I (Pol I) enzymes simultaneously transcribing a single rRNA gene. In this review, we present recent advances in understanding the coupling between rRNA production and nascent rRNA folding. Mapping of the distribution of Pol I along ribosomal DNA at nucleotide resolution, using either native elongating transcript sequencing (NET-Seq) or crosslinking and analysis of cDNAs (CRAC), revealed frequent Pol I pausing, and CRAC results revealed a direct coupling between pausing and nascent RNA folding. High density of Pol I per gene imposes topological constraints that establish a defined pattern of polymerase distribution along the gene, with a persistent spacing between transcribing enzymes. RNA folding during transcription directly acts as an anti-pausing mechanism, implying that proper folding of the nascent rRNA favors elongation in vivo. Defects in co-transcriptional folding of rRNA are likely to induce Pol I pausing. We propose that premature termination of transcription, at defined positions, can control rRNA production in vivo.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
An-An Liu ◽  
En-Ze Sun ◽  
Zhi-Gang Wang ◽  
Shu-Lin Liu ◽  
Dai-Wen Pang

ABSTRACT Live cells, as reservoirs of biochemical reactions, can serve as amazing integrated chemical plants where precursor formation, nucleation and growth of nanocrystals, and functional assembly can be carried out accurately following an artificial program. It is crucial but challenging to deliberately direct intracellular pathways to synthesize desired nanocrystals that cannot be produced naturally in cells, because the relevant reactions exist in different spatiotemporal dimensions and will never encounter spontaneously. This article summarizes progress in the introduction of inorganic functional nanocrystals into live cells via the ‘artificial-regulated space–time-coupled live-cell synthesis’ strategy. We also describe ingenious bio-applications of the nanocrystal–cell systems, and quasi-biosynthesis strategies expanded from live-cell synthesis. Artificial-regulated live-cell synthesis—which involves the interdisciplinary application of biology, chemistry, nanoscience and medicine—will enable researchers to better exploit the unanticipated potentialities of live cells and open up new directions in synthetic biology.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangyu Lv ◽  
Zhu Wang ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Honggang Wang

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is characterized by limiting blood supply to organs, then restoring blood flow and reoxygenation. It leads to many diseases, including acute kidney injury, myocardial infarction, circulatory arrest, ischemic stroke, trauma, and sickle cell disease. Autophagy is an important and conserved cellular pathway, in which cells transfer the cytoplasmic contents to lysosomes for degradation. It plays an important role in maintaining the balance of cell synthesis, decomposition and reuse, and participates in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), along with carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO), is an important gas signal molecule and regulates various physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, there are many studies on the improvement of I/R injury by H2S through regulating autophagy, but the related mechanisms are not completely clear. Therefore, we summarize the related research in the above aspects to provide theoretical reference for future in-depth research.


Author(s):  
Bruno Jaime Santacreu ◽  
Daniela Judith Romero ◽  
Lucila Gisele Pescio ◽  
Estefanía Tarallo ◽  
Norma Beatriz Sterin-Speziale ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong Phil Bae ◽  
Sung Shin Kim ◽  
Won-Ho Han ◽  
Ho Kim ◽  
Ji Won Koh ◽  
...  

Abstract BACKGROUND Hypoxia and anemia are among the risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The kidneys are important organs that sense oxygen levels and regulate red blood cell synthesis via erythropoietin production. We investigated the contribution of abnormal renal function (reflected by serum creatinine [SCr] levels) to severe ROP in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHODS In the present study, we enrolled 242 VLBW infants of gestational age (GA) ranging between 25 and 32 weeks who were admitted at Soonchunhyang Cheonan University Hospital between Nov 2014 and Dec 2019. The cut-off value for normal SCr for each GA group based was defined as 95th percentile of SCr based on a reference chart developed in a previous study. Risk factors for ROP requiring treatment were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS Of the 242 infants, 63 (26%) were high SCr group and 30 (12.4%) infants had ROP requiring treatment. GA (odds ratio 0.38, 95% confidence interval 0.23–0.61) and high SCr group (4.68 [1.10–19.90]) were independent factors for ROP requiring treatment. CONCLUSIONS In VLBW infants, high SCr within the first 4 weeks after birth is one of the risk factors for ROP requiring treatment.


Carbon-based nanomaterials have different structures with excellent physical and electronic properties. Graphene and carbon nanomaterials are widely used in sensing areas due to its high positive effect on the response of modified electrodes. Their presence increases sensitivities and gives the lower detection limits and enhances the analytical performance of biosensors for food safety and environmental monitoring. In addition, carbon nanomaterials play an important role for the good exploitation of solar energy by developing new structures of silicon-based photovoltaic cells. In this work we report the effect of the most recent graphene and carbon nonmaterial used for electrochemical detection of substances. This chapter also presents an overview of solar cell synthesis using graphene and carbon nanomaterials.


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