Revisiting Extraversion and Leadership Emergence: A Social Network Churn Perspective

One of the classic relationships in personality psychology is that extraversion is associated with emerging as an informal leader. However, recent findings raise questions about the longevity of extraverted individuals as emergent leaders. Here, we adopt a social network churn perspective to study the number of people entering, remaining in, and leaving the leadership networks of individuals over time. We propose that extraverted individuals endure as emergent leaders in networks over time, but experience significant changes in the people being led, including the loss of people who once considered them a leader but now no longer do. In Study 1 (N = 545), extraverted individuals had a larger number of new and remaining people in their leadership networks, but also lost more people, above and beyond differences in initial leadership network size. In Study 2 (N = 764), we replicated and extended these results in an organizational sample while controlling for alternative explanations such as formal rank, network size, self-monitoring, and narcissism. Extraversion predicted the number of people entering, remaining in, and leaving leadership networks over time. Our findings suggest that while extraverted individuals tend to emerge as leaders, they are also more likely to experience greater network churn—they tend to lead different people over time and leave people in their wake who once perceived them a leader but now no longer do. We discuss the challenges posed by this network churn perspective for extraverted emergent leaders and highlight its importance for our understanding of extraversion and emergent leadership.

The Predictive Five: a Supervised Learning Approach to Personality Psychology

In the current study, we set out to examine the viability of a novel approach to modeling human personality. Research in psychology suggests that people’s personalities can be effectively described using five broad dimensions (the Five-Factor Model; FFM); however, the FFM potentially leaves room for improved predictive accuracy. We propose a novel approach to modeling human personality that is based on the maximization of the model’s predictive accuracy. Unlike the FFM, which performs unsupervised dimensionality reduction, we utilized a supervised machine learning technique for dimensionality reduction of questionnaire data, using numerous psychologically meaningful outcomes as data labels (e.g., intelligence, well-being, sociability). The results showed that our five-dimensional personality summary, which we term the “Predictive Five” (PF), provides predictive performance that is better than the FFM on two independent validation datasets, and on a new set of outcome variables selected by an independent group of psychologists. The approach described herein has the promise of eventually providing an interpretable, low-dimensional personality representation, which is also highly predictive of behavior.

Reliability and Validity of the German Version of the Emotional Style Questionnaire

Until recently, emotional processes have played little role in personality psychology. Based on neuroscientific findings, Davidson and colleagues proposed a theory of emotional styles, postulating six dimensions of emotional life: outlook, resilience, social intuition, self-awareness, sensitivity to context, and attention. Recently, an English version of the Emotional Style Questionnaire (ESQ) was developed and tested for reliability and validity. The aim of the present work was to test the test–retest reliability, internal consistency, construct validity, and criterion validity of the German version of the ESQ. Two separate samples consisting of 365 and 344 subjects took part in an online survey. The results of the two studies indicated satisfactory test–retest reliability and internal consistency. Regarding the construct validity, the results from Study 1 to Study 2 indicate good model fit indices. Although there was a high correlation between the subscales outlook and resilience, the analyses supported the six-factor structure postulated by Davidson and colleagues. Substantial correlations were found between the dimensions of the ESQ and other validated scales, confirming the criterion validity of the questionnaire. Our results suggest that the German version of the ESQ is a reliable and valid measurement of emotional styles. It is a feasible and economical questionnaire that can be applied in various psychology disciplines, such as personality psychology, clinical psychology, industrial psychology or sport and exercise psychology.

INDIVIDUALITY AND SOCIAL INTERESTS IN AHMAD FUADI'S 'ANAK RANTAU' (AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM)

This study aims to know and analyze the theory of individuality and social interest based on Alfred Adler's perspective on the main character in the novel Anak Rantau written by Ahmad Fuadi. The approach in question is related to the personality psychology of the main character, which is known from the storyline. The method used in this research is descriptive-qualitative based on literature review. The result of this research is that the main character in the novel reflects the theoretical principles in their attitudes, behavior, decisions, and speech acts. The individuality of the main character can be seen from the awareness of his past attitudes, his characteristics that are not easily afraid, and his efforts to compensate for his inferiority. Meanwhile, the social interests of the main character develop in line with the long process in the village community.

Sastra dan Sastrawan Jawa Timur di Era Pandemi: Tinjauan Respons Pembaca

This study aims to explore East Javanese literature and writers during the pandemic through the perspective of reader response. This study uses an interpretive qualitative approach. The informants in this study were professional literary readers and ordinary literary readers. as many as 84 respondents have responded to the Indonesian Literature Reader form in East Java from various categories with a distribution of 66.3 percent of undergraduate students; 18.8 percent of Lecturers; 8.4 percent of Teachers; 4.2 percent of General; Researchers and Doctoral students got the same result, namely 1.1 percent. Data collection techniques were carried out by means of interviews and questionnaires. The results of the study show the following. First, it represents the psychology of the author.” 58.9 percent of respondents answered that the literary work represented the psychology of the author, 28.4 percent did not know and 12.6 percent did not. Second, the literary work represents the author's psychology, as many as 58.9 percent answered yes. While at least answering the literary work does not represent the psychology of the author, which is 12.6 percent. Third, the psychology understood by the reader, namely Personality Psychology (existential, behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic) with 28.4 percent answered yes, while at least 1.1 percent answered Masculinity Psychology and Mass Psychology. Indonesian writers in East Java tend to bring up Javanese human psychology in their literary works?” Of these questions, 52.6 percent of respondents answered that Indonesian writers in East Java tended to bring up Javanese human psychology in their literary works, as many as 42.1 percent answered maybe and 5.3 percent answered that Indonesian writers in East Java tended not to bring up Javanese human psychology in their literature. his literary works.

Sibling Constructs: What Are They, Why Do They Matter, and How Should You Handle Them?

Researchers often study constructs that are conceptually and/or empirically related, but distinct (i.e., “sibling constructs”). In social-personality psychology, as well as psychology more generally, there is little guidance for how to deal with sibling constructs, which can result in researchers ignoring or mishandling them. In this article, we start by situating sibling constructs in the literature on the jingle-jangle fallacies. Then, we outline 10 conceptual and empirical criteria for determining the degree to which, and in what ways, constructs may share a sibling relationship, using self-esteem and grandiose narcissism as a running example. Finally, we discuss strategies for handling sibling constructs in a systematic and transparent way. We hope that the procedures described here will help social-personality psychologists identify sibling constructs, understand when and why they pose problems for their research, and adopt strategies that ameliorate their adverse effects.

When a Truly Positive Correlation Turns Negative: How Different Approaches to Model Hierarchically Structured Constructs Affect Estimated Correlations to Covariates

Many constructs in personality psychology assume a hierarchical structure positing a general factor along with several narrower subdimensions or facets. Different approaches are commonly used to model such a structure, including higher-order factor models, bifactor models, single-factor models based on the responses on the observed items, and single-factor models based on parcels computed from the mean observed scores on the subdimensions. The present article investigates the consequences of adopting a certain approach for the validity of conclusions derived from the thereby obtained correlation of the most general factor to a covariate. Any of the considered approaches may closely approximate the true correlation when its underlying assumptions are met or when model misspecifications only pertain to the measurement model of the hierarchical construct. However, when misspecifications involve nonmodeled covariances between parts of the hierarchically structured construct and the covariate, higher-order models, single-factor representations, and facet-parcel approaches can yield severely biased estimates sometimes grossly misrepresenting the true correlation and even incurring sign changes. In contrast, a bifactor approach proved to be most robust and to provide rather unbiased results under all conditions. The implications are discussed and recommendations are provided.