Promosi Kesehatan tentang Pencegahan Kanker Serviks Melalui Pemanfaatan Media Online Health Promotion of Cervical Cancer Prevention Using Online Media

ABSTRAKKanker serviks adalah penyebab kematian tertinggi keempat pada wanita di dunia. Tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian wanita akibat kanker serviks di Indonesia, juga menunjukkan rendahnya angka cakupan pemeriksaan papsmear dan imunisasi HPV di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan metode promosi kesehatan untuk mendorong wanita untuk aktif dalam melakukan pencegahan kanker serviks. Kegiatan ini merupakan salah satu bentuk pengabdian masyarakat yang dilakukan dengan cara penyuluhan melalui metode ceramah dan diskusi dengan aplikasi zoom dan whatsapp. Peserta yang mendaftar dalam kegiatan ini sejunlah 41 orang dengan rentang usia 20-35 tahun. Peserta berasal dari berbagai daerah antara lain, Jakarta, Lampung, Surabaya, Malang, Palu dan Banjarmasin. Materi yang telah disampaikan menyatakan bahwa pencegahan kanker serviks dapat dilakukan sedini mungkin. Dibandingkan dengan metode penyuluhan yang dilakukan secara langsung, pemanfaatan media sosial terbukti efektif dalam mencapai jangkauan keluasan sasaran. Kata kunci: kanker serviks, pencegahan, deteksi dini, HPV ABSTRACTCervical cancer is the fourth main cause of death in women in the world and the main cause of death for women in developing countries. The high morbidity and mortality rates for women due to cervical cancer in Indonesia also shows the low coverage rates for Pap smear test and HPV immunization in Indonesia. Therefore a health promotion is needed to encourage women to be active in preventing cervical cancer. This event is a form of counseling through lectures and discussions with zoom and WhatsApp applications. The number of participants who participated in this activity was 41 people in age 20-35 years from various provinces including Jakarta, Lampung, Surabaya, Malang, and Banjarmasin. The subject that has been presented states that cervical cancer prevention can be done as early as possible. Compared to conventional health promotion methods, the use of social media has proven to be effective in reaching a broad target. Keywords: cervical cancer, prevention, early detection, HPV

Vaccine Hesitancy in the Time of COVID-19: Attitudes and Intentions of Teens and Parents Regarding the COVID-19 Vaccine

To assess attitudes and intentions related to the COVID-19 vaccine during the pandemic, we surveyed adolescents aged 13–18 years and the parents of 13–18-year-olds using national research panels on three occasions or “waves”: before the COVID-19 vaccine was available, after it was available for adults, and after it was available for ages ≥12 years. Data on experiences with COVID-19, the importance of adolescent vaccines, and intentions regarding COVID-19 vaccination were analyzed across time points. We found that parental concerns about vaccine safety significantly increased from Wave 1 to 2. Social media had a negative influence on parents’ and adolescents’ opinions about vaccine safety. Demographic variables were associated with vaccination rates reported in Wave 3, consistent with known inequities related to vaccine access. Parents (70%) were supportive of concomitant COVID-19 vaccination with other adolescent vaccines for teens. It is important to address variables associated with vaccine hesitancy to increase COVID-19 vaccine coverage rates in the US.

Parametric and semi-parametric bootstrap-based confidence intervals for robust linear mixed models

The linear mixed model (LMM) is a popular statistical model for the analysis of longitudinal data. However, the robust estimation of and inferential conclusions for the LMM in the presence of outliers (i.e., observations with very low probability of occurrence under Normality) is not part of mainstream longitudinal data analysis. In this work, we compared the coverage rates of confidence intervals (CIs) based on two bootstrap methods, applied to three robust estimation methods. We carried out a simulation experiment to compare CIs under three different conditions: data 1) without contamination, 2) contaminated by within-, or 3) between-participant outliers. Results showed that the semi-parametric bootstrap associated to the composite tau-estimator leads to valid inferential decisions with both uncontaminated and contaminated data. This being the most comprehensive study of CIs applied to robust estimators of the LMM, we provide fully commented R code for all methods applied to a popular example.

Artificial floating islands as a tool for the water quality improvement of fishponds

In this study, the ecotechnology artificial floating islands (AFIs), colonized by Eichhornia crassipes, have been tested as a tool for water quality improvement of fishponds. The experiment was carried out in semi-intensive production during the grow-out period of Nile tilapia, comprising one production cycle. It was completely randomized with two treatments (with and without AFIs) and three replications. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), transparency (Secchi) and concentrations of chlorophyll a (CL a), total nitrogen (TN), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate (PO43--P) were analyzed fortnightly in the fishponds. Two groups ordered based on environmental characteristics were formed by applying the Principal Component Analysis (70.68% of explicability). The fishponds with AFIs were assigned to higher values of Secchi and lower values of pH, turbidity, TDS and concentrations of nutrients. On the other hand, the fishponds without AFIs were assigned to the highest values of these variables, except for Secchi. In 30 days, the AFIs showed the lowest concentrations of TP and PO43--P, and for CL a, TN and TAN, the differences were recorded after 90 days. The use of AFIs has demonstrated potential to conserve water quality in fishponds, notably for biologically assimilable elements (PO43--P and TAN) and for those directly related to eutrophication (P and N). Artificial floating islands should be encouraged for small and medium-sized farmers as tool to improve water quality in fishponds. However, new AFIs coverage rates must be evaluated, as well as the control of hydraulic retention rates. Keywords: aquaculture, ecotechnology, free-floating aquatic macrophytes.

Education for Road Safety: What is the State of Affairs in Three Groups of Vulnerable Road Users in Spain?

RSE (Road Safety Education) is well recognized as a reliable predictor of future safety and health outcomes. However, most countries have been slow to develop it, which has contributed to the sensitivity of the situation, as traffic accidents continue to be a major concern for community health. This paper aims to describe and compare key variables related to the RSE among three critical segments of the population, using the data provided by: 477 high school students, 843 university students and 476 older adults. Differential coverage rates were found. Perceived quality, aroused interest and attributed utility for RSE interventions were also compared among groups, finding substantial differences among them in terms of these three aspects of the intervention. Although coverage of RSE-related programs has grown considerably during the last years, substantial difficulties are still evident.

Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination: Focus on the Italian Situation

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a viral agent whose transmission occurs mainly by sexual means. It causes different pathological conditions in both males and females, ranging from benign pathologies up to cancers. The introduction of vaccination has certainly had a major impact in terms of reducing the incidence of both HPV infections and diseases but in the European Union and the European Economic Area (EU/EEA) there are still about more than 13,000 deaths due to cervical cancer each year. To date in Europe and in Italy there are three vaccines available (bi-, tetra-, and nonvalent vaccines). The vaccination campaign started irregularly in Europe and Italy in 2007, with pre-adolescent girls as the primary target. Later, other cohorts were introduced such as 12-year-old boys, additional cohorts of >25-year-old women, women who already underwent cervical surgery and other subjects entitled to free vaccination. The COVID-19 pandemic has strongly impacted on public health services, particularly on vaccinations that, especially during the first pandemic phase, have been often delayed and/or canceled. The most affected vaccinations by the pandemic have been the non-mandatory ones, particularly those addressing the adolescent and adult population, such as immunization against papillomavirus. To date the achievement of the coverage target set by the Italian National Immunization Plan (NIP) has not yet been achieved. The aim of this work is to summarize the current situation in Italy and to discuss the strategies that have been implemented to increase overall vaccination coverage rates.

Immunisation and the law : slippery slope to a healthy society

<p>The immunisation of children against communicable diseases is a crucial public health intervention with both individual and collective outcomes. Current New Zealand immunisation policy prioritises parental autonomy, but has not succeeded in actively targeting all of the factors that prevent parents from ever making informed immunisation decisions. Consequently, our coverage rates are unsatisfactory both in absolute (by reference to the goal of 'population immunity') and relative terms. In order to have a realistic chance of meeting the Ministry of Health's optimistic coverage targets, it is necessary to consider whether New Zealand's comparatively weak immunisation law could be strengthened to eliminate the phenomenon of 'passive' non-immunisation without fatally undermining the decision-making capacity of parents. If this is not possible, then either the goal of population immunity or the prioritisation of individual choice must be abandoned. Of the three options for law reform explored by this paper, two are thought to be unworkable because they would, or should, be perceived as failing to achieve the delicate balance between individual freedom and public good. These are, first, a universal mandatory immunisation requirement, which may be justifiable in principle but would almost certainly encounter prohibitive public opposition; and, secondly, a targeted law that would require beneficiaries to make active decisions about immunisation, and (it is submitted) represents an unwarranted misuse of the vulnerability of those dependent upon taxpayer support. The reform option recommended is more moderate and more equitable. Creating a legal presumption in favour of immunisation, at the point of entry into primary school, would shift New Zealand from its current paradigm of 'informed consent' - whereby parents must actively opt in to immunisation - to a United States-style model that required parents who wished to opt out of immunisation to undergo a 'informed refusal' process. The stringency of this process would depend upon the degree to which policy-makers were satisfied that only those parents whose deeply held convictions prevented them from being open to persuasion were attempting to invoke it. Unless the size of the anti-immunisation lobby significantly increases, it is suggested that an informed refusal requirement could successfully tackle the problem of passive non-immunisation, thereby discharging the State's responsibility to further the interest of all New Zealanders in achieving and maintaining population immunity levels.</p>

Immunisation and the law : slippery slope to a healthy society

<p>The immunisation of children against communicable diseases is a crucial public health intervention with both individual and collective outcomes. Current New Zealand immunisation policy prioritises parental autonomy, but has not succeeded in actively targeting all of the factors that prevent parents from ever making informed immunisation decisions. Consequently, our coverage rates are unsatisfactory both in absolute (by reference to the goal of 'population immunity') and relative terms. In order to have a realistic chance of meeting the Ministry of Health's optimistic coverage targets, it is necessary to consider whether New Zealand's comparatively weak immunisation law could be strengthened to eliminate the phenomenon of 'passive' non-immunisation without fatally undermining the decision-making capacity of parents. If this is not possible, then either the goal of population immunity or the prioritisation of individual choice must be abandoned. Of the three options for law reform explored by this paper, two are thought to be unworkable because they would, or should, be perceived as failing to achieve the delicate balance between individual freedom and public good. These are, first, a universal mandatory immunisation requirement, which may be justifiable in principle but would almost certainly encounter prohibitive public opposition; and, secondly, a targeted law that would require beneficiaries to make active decisions about immunisation, and (it is submitted) represents an unwarranted misuse of the vulnerability of those dependent upon taxpayer support. The reform option recommended is more moderate and more equitable. Creating a legal presumption in favour of immunisation, at the point of entry into primary school, would shift New Zealand from its current paradigm of 'informed consent' - whereby parents must actively opt in to immunisation - to a United States-style model that required parents who wished to opt out of immunisation to undergo a 'informed refusal' process. The stringency of this process would depend upon the degree to which policy-makers were satisfied that only those parents whose deeply held convictions prevented them from being open to persuasion were attempting to invoke it. Unless the size of the anti-immunisation lobby significantly increases, it is suggested that an informed refusal requirement could successfully tackle the problem of passive non-immunisation, thereby discharging the State's responsibility to further the interest of all New Zealanders in achieving and maintaining population immunity levels.</p>