THE POSITION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE ON THE ISSUE OF THE MORISCOS AND ITS STRATEGY TOWARDS IT

This research deals with the issue of the Moriscan refugee crisis after the fall of Andalusia to the Spanish in 1492, and the brutal policies they carried out against the refugees. The research also deals with the policy of the Ottoman Empire towards this ordeal, which represented the largest global humanitarian crisis during the 16th and 17th centuries AD. The Ottoman Empire played a major role in the process of saving these Muslim and Jewish refugees, and their homeland in different parts of the Ottoman geography. The Ottoman Empire also succeeded in adopting an integrative policy for these refugees that took into account their social and sectarian specificities, as well as the societal privacy of the new settlement areas. This policy has contributed to creating dynamism and vitality in these areas, and transforming Andalusian refugees into an active force on all cultural, social and economic levels. On the other hand, the Spanish and European refugee crisis revealed the mentality of the issue of religious freedom and the lack of recognition of other religious sects. At the same time, this crisis reflected the Ottoman mentality towards the issue of non-Muslim minorities and how the state interacted with them, and its ability to manage diversity within the Ottoman society. In this context, we will try in this research to present a different analytical approach to the issue of Andalusian Muslim and Jewish refugees, as well as knowing the strategy of the Ottoman Empire towards it and the backgrounds that motivate it. This topic will be addressed through four axes as follows: -First: Andalusia and its importance in attracting immigrants in the Middle Ages -Second: The historical and political circumstances in which the Andalusian refugee crisis arose -Third: The Andalusian refugee crisis and the position of the Ottoman Empire on it -Fourth: The Ottoman Empire's strategy towards the refugee crisis -Fifth: The policy of the Ottomans towards the refugees from Andalusia.

Liberalising Health-seeking Behaviour of the Johanne Marange Apostolic Sect in Manicaland, Zimbabwe

Religious rights as enshrined in the Zimbabwean constitution are sacrosanct, however, when church doctrine bars followers from seeking modern medical care, they start infringing on health rights especially of the ‘lesser beings’ the women and children who are members of these religious sects. The ‘lesser beings’ are bearing the brunt of high maternal and neonatal mortality as they depend on unsafe traditional birth attendants and unconventional medicine. This study is ethnographic and presents lessons learnt from a programme aiming to improve maternal, newborn and child health outcomes among the Apostolic Church of Johanne Marange members in Manicaland province, Zimbabwe. The findings show that despite the stringent doctrine and barriers placed on apostolic members who want to access conventional medicine, the women and children are using clandestine approaches to circumvent the doctrine and barriers. This article argues that a barrage of unconventional and conventional approaches can lead to changes in health-seeking behaviour of the apostolic church and ultimately maternal and child health outcomes. The article argues that the intransigence of the apostolic can only be overcome by covert approaches to providing health services and save lives.

Religion and cancer prevention: study protocol for a systematic review

IntroductionSeveral studies explored a relationship between religiousness and the utilisation of cancer screenings, as religious people may obtain an increased social network or could have certain personality traits that enhance screening use. To the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic review that sums up the evidence gained from research on that relationship. Thus, our review aims to appraise the findings of observational studies regarding that relationship. Its findings may be useful in addressing specific target groups to increase ineffectively the low cancer screening rates.Methods and analysisEmploying a predefined search algorithm, three online databases (CINAHL, PsycInfo and PubMed) will be searched. In addition, the bibliographies of the studies included in our review will be searched through manually and independently by two reviewers. We are looking for observational studies (both cross-sectional and longitudinal) which examine the association between religion and cancer screening utilisation. However, studies regarding specific samples (as ethnic minorities or religious sects) will be excluded. We expect that the studies examine various dimensions of religion, such as religious attendance or religious intensity. We will extract data that describe methodology, sample characteristics and the findings concerning our object of investigation. Moreover, a quality assessment will be performed. Two reviewers will independently select the studies, extract the data and assess the studies’ quality. Disagreements will be dissolved by discussion or by inclusion of a third party. The findings will be presented narratively in text and tables. If possible, a meta-analysis will be carried out.Ethics and disseminationAs no primary data are collected, the approval from an ethics committee is not required. Our review will be published in a peer-reviewed, scientific journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021229222.

The Hidden Resolution Approach by Madurese Ulama as A Community-Based Model of Religious Conflict Prevention and Resolution

This study aims to describe the role of the Madurese Ulama in preventing and resolving religious conflicts. The depiction of the part of the Madurese ulema in organizing the socio-religious system can be used as an example of religious conflict resolution at local and even global levels. This research is qualitative with a descriptive analysis approach, an approach that explores socio-religious phenomena. The data were obtained directly from Ulama (clerics), congregations or members of religious sects, and leaders of religious organizations using interview and documentation methods. This research found several essential things. First, a form of religious conflict in the Madura region in the form of an internal conflict of followers of Islam which has three conditions; 1) socio-economic based religious conflict, 2) community-based religious sect conflict, and 3) sectarian religious conflict based on institutional authority. The conflict resolution model that the scholars are fighting is 1) the hidden resolution), 2) the hidden reconciliation model, 3) the hidden filtered. This finding has implications for three things: 1) We can suppress the construction of conflict resolution, the roots of sensitivity to religious conflicts through secure means; 2) causality between religion, economy, and society gives rise to the ideal construct of conflict resolution; 3) religious authorities are more effective in acting as closed mediators in conflict reconciliation.الملخص: تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى وصف دور علماء المادوريين فضلا في منع النزاعات مع الفروق الدينية وحلها. يمكن استخدام دور علماء المادوريين في إدارة النظام الاجتماعي والديني كمثال على حل النزاعات الدينية محليا وعالميا. هذا البحث نوعي بمنهج التحليل الوصفي ، وهو منهج يستكشف الظواهر الاجتماعية لدرجة تشبع العلماء والتجمعات الدينية ورؤساء المنظمات الدينية من خلال تقنيات المقابلة والتوثيق. وتوصل البحث إلى عدة أمور مهمة ، أبرزها الشكل الأول للصراع الديني في منطقة مادورا على شكل صراع داخلي بين أتباع الإسلام له ثلاثة أشكال ؛ 1) صراع الطوائف الدينية على أساس اقتصاديات اجتماعية ، 2) صراع الطوائف الدينية على أساس المجتمع ، 3) صراع الطوائف الدينية على أساس السلطة المؤسسية. أما نماذج حل النزاع التي يلعبها العلماء هي: 1) نموذج مقنع مغلق (قرار مخفي) ، 2) نموذج مصالحة مغلقة (تسوية خفية) ، 3) تصفية مغلقة (تصفية مخفية). هذه النتيجة لها آثار على ثلاثة أشياء: 1) بناء حل النزاع ، يمكن قمع جذور الحساسية للنزاعات الدينية من خلال وسائل مغلقة. 2) تؤدي العلاقة السببية بين الدين والاقتصاد والمجتمع إلى تكوين البنية المثالية لحل النزاع ؛ 3) السلطات الدينية أكثر فاعلية في العمل كوسطاء مغلقين في تسوية النزاعات.Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan secara detail tentang peran ulama Madura dalam mencegah dan menyelesaikan konflik bernuansa agama. Penggambaran peran ulama Madura menata tatanan sistem sosial keagamaan dapat dijadikan contoh resolusi konflik agama baik di tingkat lokal bahkan global. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analisis, suatu pendekatan yang menggali fenomena sosial sampai jenuh dari para ulama, jemaah aliran keagamaan dan ketua organisasi keagamaan melalui teknik wawancara dan dokumentasi. Dari penelitian tersebut ditemukan beberapa hal penting, yaitu pertama bentuk konflik keagamaan di wilayah Madura berupa konflik internal penganut agama Islam yang memiliki tiga bentuk; 1) konflik aliran keagamaan berbasis pada sosio-ekonomi, 2) konflik aliran keagamaan berbasis komunitas masyarakat, dan 3) konflik aliran keagamaan bebasis pada otoritas kelembagaaan. Model resolusi konflik yang diperankan ulama adalah: 1) model persuasif tertutup (hidden resolution), 2) model rekonsiliasi tertutup (hidden reconciliation), 3) filterasi tertutup (hidden filtered). Temuan ini berimplikasi pada tiga hal: 1) konstruk resolusi konflik, akar sensitifitas konflik keagamaan dapat diredam melalui cara-cara tertutup; 2) kausalitas antara agama, ekonomi dan sosial memunculkan konstruk ideal resolusi konflik; 3) otoritas agama lebih efektif berperan sebagai mediator tertutup dalam rekonsialisi konflik.

Gangraena i remedium, o herezjach i zwyrodnieniu religijnym w Anglii połowy XVII w.

Gangraena and its cure: on Heresies and Religious Perversions in mid-seventeenth century England The English Civil War saw an explosion in the production of printed material. Booklets, pamphlets, leaflets, and ballads of all types and covering all manner of subjects appeared in their thousands. Indeed, the number of titles printed during this period surpassed 2,000 per year. Among these we find a large category of prints denouncing religious heresy and perverse behaviors. The most elaborate of these was Thomas Edwards’s Gangraena, which ran to several thousand pages in length and spanned three consecutive volumes. In this article, the author looks at various religious sects in England and aspects of their beliefs and behaviors to examine how the Restoration England of Charles II tried to cure its population of unorthodox and perverse religious ideas.

Perbandingan Busana Arca Harihara Era Klasik Akhir (Koleksi State Hermitage Museum, Museum Nasional Jakarta, dan Balai Lelang Christie’s)

Harihara is the amalgamation of two great gods in Hinduism, Siva and Vishnu. During the Late Classical Era (Majapahit period, 13th-15th centuries AD) three deification statues which portrayed the kings as Harihara have been found. Out of these three, two of them are not located in Indonesia anymore, one is part of the collection of Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, and one is in Christie’s Auction Gallery. Since these two statues are not widely known, they are barely mentioned or studied in the field of classical archaeology and art. This research focuses on the physical attributes of those two statues, particularly the clothing elements and divine attributes, in comparation to the deification statue of Raden Wijaya as Harihara, which is originated from Candi Simping and now is located in National Museum, Jakarta. The research was conducted using a qualitative-comparative method with iconographic and historical approach. It is found that while these statues show the amalgamation of Siva and Vishnu’s attributes, the depiction of Harihara in those statues are not exactly following Harihara iconography as regulated in the canons of Silpasastra and Manasara. While the canon physical attributes of Shiva and Vishnu side by side equally, in the depiction of Harihara in Java, those attributes are mixed and not always follows a rigid pattern. It is suggested that the depiction of kings as Harihara show an attempt to project them as the unifier of different factions and religious sects. The inequal depiction of Vishnu and Siva’s attributes in king’s deification statues indicates not only the dynamics of the religion in the era, but also as mean to build king’s image in the image of the God.

Social aspects of main religious doctrines: Buddhism

The article examines in detail the problems associated with the development of Buddhism, which introduced a personal aspect to religion and embodied the idea of the need for compassion for all living beings. A special place is occupied by the analysis of the moral and social component of this religion. Buddhism is seen as a protest movement that originated in India and is directed against the frozen hierarchy, mechanical ritualism and greed of the Brahmins. This religion challenged the Brahmin hierarchy, appealing primarily to warriors, kings, and the mass of the free population. The Buddhist community was a brotherhood of mendicant monks who did not perform any rituals, but only showed people the way to salvation by the example of their lives. Buddhism is also one of the radical reformist teachings, not only intellectually, but also socially. He called people, first of all, to inner perfection, the last stage of which can be achieved only through kindness and benevolence to all living beings. The central point of this article is devoted to the debate about the reality of the Buddha’s existence, his teaching and the transformations of this teaching. A significant place is given to the description of the way of life of Buddhist monks, the relationship within the Buddhist community and with the laity. The reasons for the attractiveness of Buddhism and its easy adaptability to other religious doctrines are substantiated. The possibilities of transformation of Buddhism, including within the framework of syncretic creeds, as well as in the activities of totalitarian and pseudo-religious sects, are shown. Examples of the politicization of this religion and its inclusion in the activities of fundamentalist organizations are given.

The Colonization Cost Theory of Anarchic Emergence

The paper describes the colonization cost theory of anarchic emergence. The theory states that when the state incurs high costs of directly colonizing land, it may be beneficial for it to allow anarchy to emerge and settle distant frontiers. Once enough land is settled by the anarchic community, the state can then use one of the two following strategies: 1) appropriate this land cheaply by a coercive takeover; 2) wait for the anarchic communities to assimilate into the state, given the state’s low time preference. The theory is empirically supported through two cases of Russian religious sects. The first case describes the Old Believers sect that was forced to escape state persecution to the Altai mountains in the 1740s. In 1791 these Old Believers were re-integrated into the Russian state after a series of violent military clashes. The second case describes the Doukhobors sect. This sect was incentivized to immigrate to Canada for the purpose of settling the distant prairies in Saskatchewan. The Canadian government expected the Doukhobors to assimilate after a few years of living under anarchy, but after seeing this approach fail, resorted to a coercive strategy and appropriated the colonized land.

Non-traditional religious organizations in the modern society of the Republic of Korea

The article is devoted to the situation with the activities of different sectarian organizations in the Republic of Korea. There is a huge amount of information in our world that is not always possible to be objectively analyzed. It helps some sectarian organizations to promote their principles and ideas. This is especially true for the Republic of Korea, where the religious worldview is one of the most important components of the national mentality. Freedom of religion is highly valued in the country, sectarian ideas have the right to spread, and sects are practically not regulated by the state. According to rough estimates of Korean sociologists, today there are about 300 non-traditional religious sects in the Republic of Korea. These organizations disseminate their sectarian propaganda through music, books, marches, leaflets, active recruitment and the Internet.

Dakwah Wasathiyah Al-Islam Melalui Penyuluh Agama Islam di Kota Surakarta

The concept of wasathiyah al-Islam is an important concept for the Islamic world today. Especially for the development of the da'wah method which metamorphosed into Da'wah wasathiyah al-Islam. Understanding Da'wah wasathiyyah al-Islam: 'is (justice), at-tawazun (balance), and tasamuh (tolerant) in religion is the responsibility of Islamic da'wah, including Islamic Religious Counselors, especially in Surakarta City. Functional Islamic Religious Extension is the main task to provide guidance or counseling and development in the language of religion. Surakarta is a barometer of various religious sects and schools ranging from radicalism, Wahhabism, liberalism is a challenge for Islamic Religious Extension, especially during this Covid 19 pandemic. Wasathiyah da'wah plays an active role in changing the mindset of the target group in responding to differences from one another, such as not highlighting differences in carrying out religious teachings, conducting joint recitations, and carrying out religious activities together, are indicators of the success of wasathiyah al-Islam da'wah.