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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
THEODORE MODIS

Ray Kurzweil’s book "The Singularity Is Near" constitutes a most exhaustive compilation of “singularitarian” arguments and one of the most serious publications on the subject, but the work lacks scientific rigor. Kurzweil and the singularitarians are indulging in somesort of para-science, which differs from real science in matters of methodology and rigor. They tend to overlook rigorous scientific practices such as focusing on natural laws,giving precise definitions, verifying the data meticulously, and estimating theuncertainties. I list a number of scientific wrongdoings in this book. I try to rectify some of them in order to properly present my critique of the Singularity concept.


2021 ◽  
pp. 149-154

According to the original idea, a sustainable future is expected to keep humanity and our habitat on Earth free from drastic, catastrophic changes, while also allowing ideology-free progress with beneficial scientific, technological, and cultural advancements of society. Changes in human society have occurred throughout history, sometimes rather slowly, some other times with dramatical speed, even by revolutions. Nevertheless, in our recent past many processes have accelerated to levels never experienced earlier, achieved primarily through a staggering range of scientific and technological advances, followed by cultural changes, some of which have not been anticipated. This was a consequence of associated better living standards for many, which also resulted in a major population growth on our planet. Although a pandemic like Covid-19 or other major international events may temporarily reduce the pace of some global changes, as of now, such events do not appear to cause major slowdowns of fundamental changes in the main trends. Therefore, while facing an accelerating future, there is today a much more urgent need for purpose-focused innovations and for their most important sources: real, nature-based science, and truth-committed scientists and technologists. Ramifications for culture and society in general are also essential. More action would be required to counter the cultural pandemic of the information-avalanche of trendy simplicities dressed up as “know-it-all” excuses, used by many in our society. Their intent is to skip the effort needed for real, science-based education and for logic-respecting thinking with responsibility. Especially, in the age of WWW and Internet, it would be highly important to formulate reasonable expectations for a code of “Internet-Integrity”, as a Cultural Innovation, that would help to provide better focus on truthfulness and fact-based understanding of nature, society, and culture in our rapidly evolving Information Age. In turn, such a “Cultural Innovation” could also lead to a more broadly-based participation, hence more successes in the development of new, purpose-focused technological innovations, and at a deeper level, in the enhanced, further development of their scientific foundations.


2021 ◽  
pp. 6-31
Author(s):  
David J. Pym

‘Cyberspace’ is a romantic term, introduced in the elegant science-fiction writing of William Gibson, but the concepts that make up the environment called ‘cyberspace’ are the stuff of real science, with origins that can be traced to ancient Greece. Much has been written about the origins of cyberspace, including a comprehensive sourcebook by Hook and Norman. This chapter tries to take a rather conceptual view of what constitutes cyberspace, tracing the origins of the ideas from fourth-century BCE Greece to the modern Internet-supported interaction space—throughout the discussion, the chapter will seek to elucidate the concept of ‘space’ and how it helps us to think about the cyber-world. On the way, the chapter considers the literary origin of the word, and the mathematical and logical theory that is required to build models of cyberspace.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 911-918
Author(s):  
V. V. Parin

The experimental method, the application of which in physiology turned it from random observations of people and animals surrounding humans into a real science, at the same time had some adverse consequences for the development of our science.


Author(s):  
Сергей Александрович Лебедев

В отличие от классической теории научного познания, где выделялось только два уровня научного знания в любой из конкретных наук: эмпирический и теоретический, в современной эпистемологии выделяют четыре качественно различных уровня научного знания: чувственный, эмпирический, теоретический, метатеоретический. Все они отличаются друг от друга по происхождению (эпистемологии), содержанию (онтологии), методам обоснования и критериям истинности(методологии). Несмотря на то, что указанные уровни относительно независимы друг от друга, все они связаны между собой при функционировании любой конкретной науки как некоей целостной системы знания. Основной методологической процедурой обеспечения ее целостности является интерпретация. Она представляет собой конструктивноволевую деятельность мышления по идентификации содержания понятий разных уровней знания. Любая интерпретация всегда заключает в себе существенный момент риска и может быть неверной. Современная неклассическая концепция уровневой структуры научного знания позволяет осуществлять более глубокий и конкретный анализ закономерностей функционирования и развития науки по сравнению с классической эпистемологией. In contrast to the classical theory of scientific knowledge, where there were only two levels of scientific knowledge in any of the specific sciences: empirical and theoretical, in contemporary non-classical epistemology there are four qualitatively different levels of scientific knowledge: sensory, empirical, theoretical and metatheory. All of them differ in their content (ontology), means of genesis (epistemology), method of justification and criteria of truth (methodology). At the same time, although all these levels of scientific knowledge are relatively independent from each other in terms of their ontology and epistemology, they are all interrelated within the framework of the functioning of any particular science as the integrity system of knowledge. The means of achieving such integrity is a procedure of interpretation (identification) of the content of concepts of different levels of scientific knowledge. It is the constructive strong-willed activity. Every interpretation always consists of essential moment of risk and may produce an error. The non-classical approach to the level structure of scientific knowledge developed in the article allows for a deeper and more specific analysis of the laws of the functioning and development of real science, than the classical philosophy of science allowed.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Soderholm

<p>From the early stages of hailstone growth to the ground-impact finale, a trajectory is taken by each hailstone through the parent hailstorm. Larger hailstones form as their trajectory takes them into regions of the storm that are more favorable for growth, while others may miss out entirely. Simulation-based studies have shown that interactions between the hailstone fall speed, aerodynamics, storm winds (which continue to change along the trajectory and with new growth) can take hailstones on a myriad of different trajectories. Despite improvements in radar technology over the last 20 years, operational hail analysis techniques have changed little, and do not consider trajectories, leaving a high degree of uncertainty when estimating ground impact.</p> <p>Case studies have demonstrated that trajectory information provides significant improvements to hail impact mapping and nowcasting services, but the lack of robust<br />observational datasets to leverage new radar technology and verify trajectories prevents the transition of this new science into operations. The follow proposal presents an innovative approach to measuring trajectories within a hailstorm using hailstone-shaped probes called “HailSondes”. Recent advances in low-energy telemetry, battery technology and electronics miniaturization are combined to make this new sensor possible, which, until recently, was the realm of fantasy for meteorologists (e.g., the 1996 Hollywood classic “Twister” imagined a similar sensors for observing tornadoes). The design challenges, simulations, prototype development and deployment of HailSondes are discussed.</p> <p>HailSonde measurements will provide critical validation for the practical application radarderived trajectories for hailstorm analysis and nowcasting, supporting the transition to future hail services and benefiting a wide range of sectors from aviation, risk management, transport and public safety. This transition from science fiction into real science signifies extraordinary potential for further remote micro-sensor applications in the future. </p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-219
Author(s):  
E. N. Savitri ◽  
A. V. Amalia ◽  
S. A. Prabowo ◽  
O. E. P. Rahmadani ◽  
A. Kholidah

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Real Science Mask with QR Code on students' problem-solving skills and scientific literacy. This research is a type of experimental research that uses the Pretest Posttest Control Group Design model. The subjects of this study were students in the Integrated Science Education study program for the academic year 2020/2021 of Universitas Negeri Semarang. The sample from the population was divided into experimental class and control class. The observation instrument used an observation sheet based on the assessment indicators of students' activities during learning. Data analysis in this study used quantitative descriptive analysis, where each average value is described in each aspect of the assessment based on indicators. The results showed that the experimental class that applied the Real Science Mask with QR Code had the highest average score of Problem-Solving skills in the assessment aspect of discussing the suitability of scientific phenomena with a score of 9.4 and scientific literacy on the aspect of student assessment in seeking scientific references with a score of 8.8. The posttest results obtained a t-count value of 8,951 with df = 16, consulted with the t-table value at a significance level of 5%, and df = 16 obtained 2,120. These results indicate that the value of t-count is greater than the t-table value (8,951 > 2,120) it means that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control classes. Furthermore, the average of these two aspects of the assessment is higher when compared to the control class. These results indicate that the Real Science Mask with QR Code is effective in improving students' problem-solving skills and scientific literacy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1918 (5) ◽  
pp. 052059
Author(s):  
E N Savitri ◽  
N R Dewi ◽  
A V Amalia ◽  
S A Prabowo

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