EXPERIENCE OF APPLICATION OF THE MODIFIED BOGARDUS SCALE IN THE STUDY OF INTERETHNIC TOLERANCE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the influence on the results of a sociological study of the use of various forms of questions: open and closed on the example of the study of interethnic tolerance of high school students. The study was conducted using the traditional social distance scale developed by Emory Bogardus and its modified form as an open-ended question. The authors come to the conclusion that there are no significant quantitative (the value of the social distance scale) and qualitative (the composition of nationalities, about which the opinions of the respondents and the vector of attitudes towards them are updated) differences in the data collected using open and closed questions. At the same time, it is noted that the specifics of the respondents' answers to open-ended questions became a more positive (in accordance with both qualitative and quantitative criteria) attitude towards European ethnic groups, at the same time, a large social distance versus closed-ended questions. Another distinguishing feature of the answers to the open-ended question was the radicalism of views and less social distance to representatives of other peoples in general.

COVID-19 Public Stigma Scale (COVID-PSS): development, validation, psychometric analysis and interpretation

ObjectiveAmid the COVID-19 pandemic, social stigma towards COVID-19 infection has become a major component of public discourse and social phenomena. As such, we aimed to develop and validate the COVID-19 Public Stigma Scale (COVID-PSS).Design and settingNational-based survey cross-sectional study during the lockdown in Thailand.ParticipantsWe invited the 4004 adult public to complete a set of measurement tools, including the COVID-PSS, global fear of COVID-19, perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, Bogardus Social Distance Scale, Pain Intensity Scale and Insomnia Severity Index.MethodsFactor structure dimensionality was constructed and reaffirmed with model fit by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and non-parametric item response theory (IRT) analysis. Psychometric properties for validity and reliability were tested. An anchor-based approach was performed for classifying the proper cut-off scores.ResultsAfter factor analysis, IRT analysis and test for model fit, we created the final 10-item COVID-PSS with a three-factor structure: stereotype, prejudice and fear. Face and content validity were established through the public and experts’ perspectives. The COVID-PSS was significantly correlated (Spearman rank, 95% CI) with the global fear of COVID-19 (0.68, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.70), perceived risk of COVID-19 infection (0.79, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.80) and the Bogardus Social Distance Scale (0.50, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.53), indicating good convergent validity. The correlation statistics between the COVID-PSS and the Pain Intensity Scale and Insomnia Severity Index were <0.2, supporting the discriminant validity. The reliability of the COVID-PSS was satisfactory, with good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α of 0.85, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.86) and test–retest reproducibility (intraclass correlation of 0.94, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.96). The proposed cut-off scores were as follows: no/minimal (≤18), moderate (19–25) and high (≥26) public stigma towards COVID-19 infection.ConclusionsThe COVID-PSS is practical and suitable for measuring stigma towards COVID-19 in a public health survey. However, cross-cultural adaptation may be needed.

Effects of Renaming Schizophrenia on Destigmatization among Medical Students in One Taiwan University

The stigma associated with serious mental illnesses causes a huge burden on patients, their families, and society. In October 2012, in Taiwan, schizophrenia was renamed to reduce the stigma associated with this disease. The aim of this study was to compare the differences of public stigma, self-stigma, and social distance associated with schizophrenia between old and new name of schizophrenia in medical students. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 180 medical students of Taipei Medical University from October 2014 to February 2015. In total, 123 complete questionnaires were included in this study. Participants completed the modified attribution questionnaire, the perceived psychiatric stigma scale, and modified social distance scale to assess public stigma, self-stigma, and social distance, respectively. We also collected basic demographic data and previous experience of contact with people with mental illness. In total, 52 and 71 of the first- and fourth-year medical students, respectively, participated in the study. Among them, there were 51 females and 72 males. A significant difference in age was observed between the first- and fourth-year groups (20.2 ± 1.7 years vs. 22.7 ± 0.9 years, p < 0.001). After renaming schizophrenia, we noted significant differences in the scores in the modified attribution questionnaire, the perceived psychiatric stigma scale, and the modified social distance scale in all participants and the fourth-year students, respectively. Female gender (Beta = 0.230, p = 0.018) was significantly associated with the difference in the score of the modified attribution questionnaire after name change. The difference in the score of the perceived psychiatric stigma scale after the name change (Beta = 0.277, p = 0.004) and age (Beta = −0.186, p = 0.049) were significantly associated with the difference in the score of the modified social distance scale after name change. In conclusion, renaming was associated with the changes in the scores of the modified attribution questionnaire, the perceived psychiatric stigma scale, and the modified social distance scale toward individuals with schizophrenia in medical students of one Taiwan university. Further studies with large sample sizes, diverse participant backgrounds, and that monitor the subsequent behavioral changes are warranted.

Assessing Outcomes

This chapter explores the possible outcomes of completing the activities in this book and revisits some of the questions raised in Chapter 2 about how to change attitudes and behaviors toward people with disabilities. Despite a desired goal of affecting implicit bias, that outcome is not guaranteed. Ultimately, the goal is to increase cultural responsivity and skill levels for therapists working with their clients with disabilities. Various measures of attitudes toward disability are reviewed (and references provided) and a link to the Harvard measure of implicit bias is included. Six ways of assessing the outcomes of doing the activities are included: the Bogardus Social Distance Scale, able-bodied privilege, and four created by the author.

ASSERTIVENESS AROUND THE 2019’s PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDACY DISCOURSE ON SOCIAL MEDIA: A SOCIOPRAGMATIC STUDY

This study aims to describe the form of assertiveness, speech continuity strategies, and social distancing scales in the discourse of the 2019’s presidential candidacy on social media (Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook). This research method uses a qualitative descriptive method. The data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, and sentences that contain assertiveness. The data sources in this study are Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook. Data collection used in this study is a note-taking method. The data analysis carried out in this study were the intralingual matching method, the PUP primary technique matching method, and the HBS advanced technique. The results of this study found that 1) the form of assertiveness in the discourse of the 2019’s presidential candidacy on social media, namely (a) the force to express a desire,(b) the force to brag about hatred, (c) the force to enhance politeness, (d) the force to report field facts, (e) the force to urge Pn's goals, (f) the force to raise complaints, and (g) the force to announce the agenda.2) continuity strategies in the form of (a) direct speech strategies and (b) indirect speech strategies. 3) the social distance scale contained in this study is (a) long-hedged speech and (b) short-hedged speech.

Psychometric evaluation of the German version of the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC)

Background Healthcare professionals can be a source of stigma and discrimination for people with mental illness, and anti-stigma programs are needed for this target group. However, there is no validated German language scale to assess attitudes of healthcare professionals towards people with mental illness. This study had the aim to validate the German language version of the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC), a self-report measure of stigmatizing attitudes. Methods Staff (n = 392) on general psychiatric inpatient wards (excluding child, forensic and geriatric psychiatry) at five psychiatric hospitals in Switzerland (n = 3) and Germany (n = 2) participated in the study. The internal consistency of the OMS-HC was examined as well as its factor structure using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. To assess the scale’s concurrent validity, we used the Social Distance Scale. Results Internal consistency for the OMS-HC total score was good (α = 0.74), acceptable for the subscales Attitudes (α = 0.62) and Social Distance (α = 0.69), and poor for the Disclosure subscale (α = 0.55). The original three-factor structure fit our data well. The OMS-HC total score and the Social Distance subscale score were significantly correlated with the Social Distance Scale, supporting concurrent validity. Conclusion The German version of the OMS-HC demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties and can be recommended for future research and intervention evaluation.

Psychometric Evaluation of the German Version of the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC)

Background: Healthcare professionals can be a source of stigma and discrimination for people with mental illness, and anti-stigma programs are needed for this target group. However, there is no validated German language scale to assess attitudes of healthcare professionals towards people with mental illness. This study had the aim to validate the German language version of the Opening Minds Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC), a self-report measure of stigmatizing attitudes.Methods: Staff (n = 392) on general psychiatric inpatient wards (excluding child, forensic and geriatric psychiatry) at five psychiatric hospitals in Switzerland (n = 3) and Germany (n = 2) participated in the study. The internal consistency of the OMS-HC was examined as well as its factor structure using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. To assess the scale’s concurrent validity, we used the Social Distance Scale.Results: Internal consistency for the OMS-HC total score was good (α = 0.73), it was acceptable for the subscales Attitudes (α = 0.62) and Social Distance (α = 0.69), but poor for the Disclosure subscale (α = 0.55). The original three-factor structure fit our data well. The OMS-HC total score and the Social Distance subscale score were significantly correlated with the Social Distance Scale, supporting concurrent validity.Conclusion: The German version of the OMS-HC demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties and can be recommended for future research and intervention evaluation.

The Social Distance Scale (v1): A Screening Instrument to Assess Patient Adherence to Prevention Strategies during Pandemics

Background: This paper describes the development of a brief self-report screening measure of adherence to social distancing and self-protective behaviors in pandemic situations. Items measured behaviors currently established as primary strategies to prevent and reduce the spread of the COVID-19 infection. Methods: An item pool of 29 questions was generated with the aim of estimating the frequency of specific behaviors and were written to avoid confounding the description of behavioral actions with evaluative judgements. Responses were collected from 401 young adults using an anonymous online survey. Results: An Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted with the purpose of item reduction and subscale development. A 14-item Social Distance Scale emerged, consisting of four subscales: Isolation from Community (IC), Work from Home (WH), Family Contact (FC), and Protective Behaviors (PB). The initial psychometric evaluation of the scales indicated adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. (4) Conclusions: The Social Distance Scale (v1) is a promising new instrument which may be applied at the population or individual level. It may be used in conjunction with COVID-19 testing to measure interactions between social distancing factors and transmission. In addition, a reliable screening measure has utility for health service providers to assess patient risk and to provide educational/counseling.

Maxims Deviation and Politeness Scale of Uang Panai Mahar Film by Using Leech's Perspective

The lack of knowledge about the application of maxims and politeness scale in everyday life cause more violation of politeness in communication. Speech deviations also occur in the Uang Panai Mahar film which raises the cultural theme of a moral message..This study aims to discuss and describe the maxims deviation and politeness conversation from film. The data of this study are the form of maxims deviation and politeness scale by using Leech perspective. The data source in this study is Uang Panai Mahar film, which published by Makita Cinema Production, on August 25, 2016. The film lasted for 1 hour, 59 minutes and 42 seconds. This study used descriptive qualitative method. This study found out some of maxims deviations and politeness scales, they were 1) deviation of wisdom, 2) deviation of generosity, 3) deviation of rewards, 4) deviation of simplicity, 5) deviation of accuracy and 6) deviation of sympathy. Meanwhile the politeness scale of this film were 1) the loss and gain scale, 2) the choice scale, 3) the sustainability scale and 4) social distance scale.