ripening stages
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2022 ◽  
Vol 183 ◽  
pp. 111746
Author(s):  
Nicola Busatto ◽  
Lorenzo Vittani ◽  
Brian Farneti ◽  
Iuliia Khomenko ◽  
Matteo Caffini ◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora Rigamonti Gomes Cruz Freire ◽  
Camile Zanichelli da Costa Cassiano ◽  
Karla Lírio Soares ◽  
Mayara Fumiere Lemos ◽  
Elisângela Flávia Pimentel-Schmitt ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the composition and the cancer chemopreventive and antioxidant activities of the seed, skin, and pulp of Maximo hybrid grapes (IAC 138-22) harvested at different ripening stages. The content of total phenolic compounds and tannins were determined by the Folin-Ciocaulteau method, and total anthocyanins were determined using the differential pH method. Different chemical methods assessed the antioxidant activity. Cell viability (macrophage and melanoma skin cancer) and cancer chemopreventive activity were tested in cell lines by quinone reductase induction assay, TNF-α-induced NF-κB inhibitory activity assay, and aromatase inhibitory activity assay. The hybrid grape had high phenolic contents in both seeds and skin, significantly reduced upon ripening. The results showed that fruit ripening significantly affected both the composition and the antioxidant and cancer chemopreventive activities. Except for the anthocyanin content, the most significant results were observed for green seeds, with the greenest stage showing the best results. The green seeds showed the highest antioxidant activity, even when compared to free resveratrol. In the assessment of cancer chemopreventive activity, the green seeds showed the ability to inhibit N-FκB and aromatase activity, important factors for the early stage of cancer development. Besides, no extracts showed cytotoxicity. Therefore, this grape’s green seeds showed strong antioxidant and cancer chemopreventive activities confirmed herein, suggesting beneficial health effects.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3102
Author(s):  
Rosaria Cozzolino ◽  
Bernardo Pace ◽  
Michela Palumbo ◽  
Carmine Laurino ◽  
Gianluca Picariello ◽  
...  

Volatile compounds, quality traits (total phenols and antioxidant capacity) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-isolated polyphenols of strawberries, variety Sabrosa, commercially referred to as “Candonga”, harvested at three different times (H1, H2 and H3) and at two different ripening stages, namely half-red (Half-red-H1, Half-red-H2 and Half-red-H3) and red (Red-H1, Red-H2 and Red-H3) were evaluated. Dominant anthocyanins, namely cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside, as well as p-coumaryl hexoside increased during harvesting, differently from flavonoids, such as quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoronide and quercetin 3-O-glucoronide, that declined. Samples clustered in different quadrants of the principal component analysis (PCA) performed on volatiles, quality traits and phenolic compounds, highlighting that only the red samples were directly correlated to volatile components, as volatiles clearly increased both in number and amount during ripening. In particular, volatiles with a positive impact on the consumers’ acceptance, including butyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, nonanal, terpenes and lactones, were positively associated with the Red-H1 and Red-H2 strawberries, while volatiles with negative coefficients related to consumer liking, including isopropyl butyrate, isoamyl butyrate and mesifurane directly correlated with the Red-H3 samples. Accordingly, strawberries harvested at Red-H1 and Red-H2 ripening stages could be preferred by the consumers compared to the Red-H3 fruit. Altogether, these results could help to individuate quality traits as putative markers of the ripening stage, and optimize the process of post-harvesting ripening to preserve or improve the desirable aromatic characteristics of strawberries.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11616
Author(s):  
Sergio Izcara ◽  
Sonia Morante-Zarcero ◽  
Natalia Casado ◽  
Isabel Sierra

Arbutus unedo L. berries have traditionally been used as edible and medicinal fruits in folk medicine for the treatment of some pathologies. Besides their good nutritional properties, these berries are rich in bioactive compounds. Accordingly, a HPLC-triple quadrupole (TQ)-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the first time to characterize the changes produced in the phenolic composition profile of A. unedo L. fruits through three ripening stages. Several hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids were detected, gallic acid being the highest phenolic acid quantified. Quercetin, quercetin-3-β-glucoside, rutin, and kaempferol were found in similar amounts at the different maturity stages. High amounts of (+)-catechin, procyanidin B2, epigallocatechin, and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate were observed in the unripe fruits. Naringin and vitexin were also quantified. Stilbenes, such as trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid, were identified for the first time in these fruits. Total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanin compounds, and radical scavenging activity were also determined in the fruits harvested at different years in several locations of the Iberian Peninsula at different ripening stages. The results confirmed that these fruits are an excellent source of these bioactive compounds (mainly flavanols) with high antioxidant activity, which could be used as a new source for preparation of nutraceutical or functional foods.


2021 ◽  
pp. 105883
Author(s):  
Rayne Baena ◽  
Emily S. Araujo ◽  
João P.A. Souza ◽  
Adélia M. Bischoff ◽  
Paulo H.G. Zarbin ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baowen Huang ◽  
Guojian Hu ◽  
Keke Wang ◽  
Pierre Frasse ◽  
Elie Maza ◽  
...  

AbstractAll-flesh tomato cultivars are devoid of locular gel and exhibit enhanced firmness and improved postharvest storage. Here, we show that SlMBP3 is a master regulator of locular tissue in tomato fruit and that a deletion at the gene locus underpins the All-flesh trait. Intriguingly, All-flesh varieties lack the deleterious phenotypes reported previously for SlMBP3 under-expressing lines and which preclude any potential commercial use. We resolve the causal factor for this phenotypic divergence through the discovery of a natural mutation at the SlAGL11 locus, a close homolog of SlMBP3. Misexpressing SlMBP3 impairs locular gel formation through massive transcriptomic reprogramming at initial phases of fruit development. SlMBP3 influences locule gel formation by controlling cell cycle and cell expansion genes, indicating that important components of fruit softening are determined at early pre-ripening stages. Our findings define potential breeding targets for improved texture in tomato and possibly other fleshy fruits.


Author(s):  
Nurazwin Zulkifli ◽  
Norhashila Hashim ◽  
Hazreen Haizi Harith ◽  
Mohamad Firdza Mohamad Shukery ◽  
Daniel I. Onwude

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2345
Author(s):  
Takahiro Kakehashi ◽  
Mayumi Kikuta ◽  
Daniel Makori Menge ◽  
Emily Waringa Gichuhi ◽  
Hiroaki Samejima ◽  
...  

In the rice growing area of Kenya’s highlands, the development of a water-saving rice cultivation system is a key strategy because the shortage of irrigation water is a frequently occurring problem. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) on the growth and yield of rice under the unique cultivation environment of tropical highlands. Field experiments were performed over a period of four years (2014–2017) in a paddy field. Dry matter production of a lowland variety, Basmati 370, was greater under continuous flooding (CF) than under AWD. In years with low minimum temperature (less than 15 °C) during the reproductive and ripening stages, filled grain ratios were significantly higher under AWD than under CF. Accordingly, higher dry matter production under CF did not contribute to grain yield. In the years when rice was not exposed to low minimum temperature during the reproductive and ripening stages, filled grain ratio did not decrease even under CF. Therefore, there was no difference between filled grain ratio under AWD and CF. Our results indicated that AWD could mitigate the decline in grain filling, induced by low minimum temperature during the reproductive and ripening stages in Basmati 370, under the cultivation conditions in tropical highlands. Although AWD may reduce the above-ground biomass, its mitigation effect on grain filling could outweigh this drawback and can still be beneficial to rice farmers in the tropical highlands.


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