Application of high throughput sequencing in veterinary science

High throughput sequencing (HTS) creates an opportunity for comprehensive genomic studies. It can be applied in veterinary science, bacteriology and virology, diagnostics of animal diseases, food safety, examinations of the composition of environmental samples, and even in veterinary vaccinology. Thus HTS a wide-ranging method that can be applied in different areas of the One Health approach. In particular, the whole genome sequencing (WGS) of bacteria is routinely used in food hygiene and outbreak investigations for phylogenetic analysis of pathogenic bacteria isolated from various sources across timeline, molecular characterisation of bacteria, plasmids, antibiotic resistance and identification of virulence factors. Metagenomics can be used to characterize the composition of microbiota in environmental samples. It makes it possible to obtain a taxonomic identification of bacteria, fungi or plants present in a metasample. It can also be used for the monitoring and epidemiological tracing of viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. The transcriptomic approach makes it possible to study the expression of genes associated with various infections and diseases. HTS is a highly versatile method, but the selection of the proper application is crucial to obtain expected outcomes. The paper presents some HTS approaches and examples of research in veterinary science.

Macro and Micro Anatomical Observation on the Testes of Local Dog (Canis lupusfamiliaris) of Assam

Background: The study on testes of local dog of Assam is of great value in regard to germplasm conservation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the gross and histomorphological examination of testes of male reproductive system. Methods: The testes were collected at the time of castration from Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapra, Guwahati, Assam, India. The research was carried out for a period of one year in Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam. Then gross anatomical studies were made on it and the tissue samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and were processed as per the standard technique of procedure (Luna, 1968). The paraffin blocks were sectioned in Shandon Finesse microtome at 5 µm thickness and the sections were stained with Mayer’s Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique for Cellular details as per the method of Luna (1968). Result: Grossly, the testes of local dog consisted of two surface viz., lateral and medial and two ends i.e. upper end and lower end. The upper end of the testes was occupied by the head of the epididymis and the lower end of the testes was occupied by the tail of the epididymis. Mediastinum testis was observed in the centre of testes of local dog. Histologically, the testes were covered by serous layer (Tunica vaginalis), connective tissue layer (Tunica albugenia) and vascular layer (Tunica vasculosa) from outside to inwards. Spermatogenic cells like spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa, and sertoli cells were observed in seminiferous tubules. The sertoli cells were attached to the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. Cluster of Leyding cells were found between the semineniferous tubules and it contained large spherical nuclei. The epididymides were lined by pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Formation of colostral immunity in calfs on the background of the application of immunostimulators to cows

A scientific and practical substantiation of the need for the timely formation of colostral immunity in calves to create nonspecific protection of the body and adaptation of newborns to new environmental conditions is given, which is the most important problem of modern veterinary science and practice. Colostral immunity is immunity that develops in newborns due to colostral immunoglobulins during the first 24-36 hours of life. For some newborn farm animals (horses, ruminants and pigs), antibodies are transmitted to offspring only through colostrum in the early postnatal period. In order to increase the nonspecific defenses of the body of mothers cows, the formation of colostral immunity in newborn calves and the realization of the biological resource potential of the body, immunostimulants were used, developed by scientists of the Chuvash State Agrarian University: Prevention-N-B-S and Salus-PE.

The effectiveness of the use of multivitamin preparations in feeding with hypovitaminosis of piglets

The development of effective methods of prevention and treatment of hypovitaminosis in piglets is one of the promising areas of veterinary science and practice. The article presents the results of studies obtained when evaluating the effectiveness of the use of complex multivitamin preparations from various manufacturers: Trivit (CJSC Mosagrogen, Russia), Tetrahydrovit (LLC NITA-PHARM, Russia), Dufalite (Zoetis Inc, USA). The peculiarity of vitamin nutrition of pigs is associated with the absence or insufficient synthesis of water-soluble B vitamins in their body, so they should always be present in the diet feed. In addition, pigs are in urgent need of the delivery of carotene, vitamin A, C, E, D with food, which is due to the intensity of metabolism and energy in the body; at the same time, the consumption of vitamin A and carotene increases exponentially. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that the most effective method of prevention and treatment of hypovitaminosis in suckling piglets is the use of the multivitamin drug Tetrahydrovit intramuscularly on the 1st day of life and again after 7 days at a dose of 1 ml per head 1 time per day.

Study the Haematological parameters and Oxidative stress before and after disbudding in Calves

The aim of the present investigation was to examine the haematological profile and oxidative stress before and after disbudding in calves. The study was carried out at Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya and nearby villages. Twenty four cattle calves were utilized to study haematological parameters that are Haemoglobin (Hb (gm/dl), Neutrophil (%), Basophil (%), PCV (%), Lymphocyte (%), Monocyte (%), TLC (103/ µl), Eosinophil (%), N/L ratio) and oxidative stress before and after disbudding in to four groups viz. control (T0), lignocaine (TL), tremadol (TT) and lignocaine+tremadol (TL-T). After medication calves were disbudded by hot iron method. The blood samples were collected for haematological parameters & for estimation of LPO (lipid peroxides) as per method described by [1] just before (0h) and after disbudding on 6h, 24h and 72h. The results showed that, at 24h, T0 group showed significantly lowest Hb (10.66±0.49%) which was statistically similar to TT and TL-T groups. At 0h, 6h and 72h means of PCV% were significantly different among treatment groups. The lowest lymphocytes (64.00±1.00) was observed in TT group at 6h. The T0 group showed significantly lowest basophil (0.00±0.00) which was statistically similar to TT and TL-T groups but significantly different from TL group at 6h. At the same interval, T0 group showed significantly lowest monocytes (4.66±0.61) which was significantly different with TL, TT and TL-T groups. At 6h, T0 group showed significantly lowest N/ L ratio (0.15±0.01) which was statistically similar to TT and TL-T groups but significantly different from TL group. At 0h, 6h and 24h LPO was significantly different among groups. At 0h, T0 group showed significantly highest (106.59±0.63) which was significantly different from TL, TT and TL-T groups. It may be concluded that no significant difference was observed in eosinophil%, TLC, neutrophil% and monocyte% counts between control and treatment groups. However, Hb%, basophil%, PCV% and lymphocyte% were significantly different between control and treatment groups. N/L ratio was significant only at 6h. Most of the cases TL-T group showed comparatively better performance. At 0h, 6h and 24h LPO was significantly different among groups. At 0h, T0 group showed significantly highest (106.59±0.63) which was significantly different from TL, TT and TL-T groups.