active reaction
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2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 567
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Berestova ◽  
Da-Yeon Kim ◽  
Sang-Yong Kim

With the growing interest in sustainability, brands increasingly use social media not simply to advertise their products but also to share their positions on ongoing public issues. This study investigates the effect of public-issue posts on consumers’ active reactions and provides comparisons between two samples—public-issue posts and all Twitter posts. After collecting data from Twitter based on tweets from official sportswear brand pages, we find that public-issue posts have a positive influence on consumers’ active reaction (i.e., number of retweets, number of quotes, number of replies, and post-social search behavior). Moreover, the effect of brand activeness, which is brand social activity on Twitter, and media type (photo or video presence in a tweet) are included in the analysis. With user engagement in the public-issue post sample, the effect of the media type is not significant, whereas the effect of brand activeness is significant. This study aggregates literature on brand activism and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria to propose a measurement for a public issue in a single post rather than at the corporate level. The results of this study are useful for brands of all scales taking sustainable marketing strategies and aiming to improve interactions with consumers on Twitter.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jifang Zhang ◽  
Qiyuan Lin ◽  
Zhenlei Wang ◽  
Haowen Liu ◽  
Yuegang Zhang

Achieving efficient solar water splitting using hematite (α-Fe2O3), one of the most promising candidates for photoanodes, requires photogenerated holes to be efficiently used for water oxidation. However, this goal is obstructed by multiple undesirable recombination processes, as well as insufficient fundamental mechanistic understandings of water oxidation kinetics, particularly as to the nature of reaction pathways and possible reaction intermediates. Here we spectroelectro-chemically identify some of the most critical interfacial processes which determine the photoelectrocatalytic efficiencies of water oxidation, for hematite films with varied surface properties by tailoring the doping level of titanium. The spectroscopic signals of the processes inactive for water oxidation, including oxidation of intra-gap Fe2+ states and Fermi level pinning, are successfully distinguished from that of the active reaction intermediate, Fe(IV)=O. In addition, our kinetic analyses reveal two water oxidation pathways, of which the direct hole transfer mechanism becomes dominant over the surface states-mediated mechanism when the hematite surface is reconstructed by high levels of titanium dopants.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jifang Zhang ◽  
Qiyuan Lin ◽  
Zhenlei Wang ◽  
Haowen Liu ◽  
Yuegang Zhang

Achieving efficient solar water splitting using hematite (α-Fe2O3), one of the most promising candidates for photoanodes, requires photogenerated holes to be efficiently used for water oxidation. However, this goal is obstructed by multiple undesirable recombination processes, as well as insufficient fundamental mechanistic understandings of water oxidation kinetics, particularly as to the nature of reaction pathways and possible reaction intermediates. Here we spectroelectro-chemically identify some of the most critical interfacial processes which determine the photoelectrocatalytic efficiencies of water oxidation, for hematite films with varied surface properties by tailoring the doping level of titanium. The spectroscopic signals of the processes inactive for water oxidation, including oxidation of intra-gap Fe2+ states and Fermi level pinning, are successfully distinguished from that of the active reaction intermediate, Fe(IV)=O. In addition, our kinetic analyses reveal two water oxidation pathways, of which the direct hole transfer mechanism becomes dominant over the surface states-mediated mechanism when the hematite surface is reconstructed by high levels of titanium dopants.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan RYBÁRIK ◽  
Petr SEDLÁČEK ◽  
Martina KLUČÁKOVÁ

This work is focused on transport organic dyes in systems containing humic acids as active reaction agent. Methylene blue was usedas a model organic dye which can behave as pollutant and influence many processes in nature. Transport of pollutants in nature isstrongly affected by interactions with humic acids or natural organic matter. Their influence is dependent on affinity of pollutant tocontent and strength of active binding sites. Two different humic samples are used in this study in order to compare their propertieson transport of organic dye. Both humic acids are used in original extracted form as well as in the form of samples with selectiveblocked functional groups.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 800
Author(s):  
Anna Szczerba ◽  
Agnieszka Płażek ◽  
Jakub Pastuszak ◽  
Przemysław Kopeć ◽  
Marta Hornyák ◽  
...  

During germination at low temperatures, seeds rich in proteins may experience damage to their cytoplasmic membranes. The study aimed to investigate the influence of the germination temperature on growth, development, and yield of four cultivars of soybean, a typical thermophilic species. The seeds were germinated at 10, 15, and 25 °C in the dark. After 48 h, one part of the seeds was analyzed for their amylase and dehydrogenase activity, cell membrane permeability, and germination vigor. The other part was transferred into soil and cultivated up to yielding. Chlorophyll fluorescence, fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) of shoots, pod and seed number, and seed DW were analyzed. The plants of cvs. ‘Abelina’, ‘Malaga’, and ‘Merlin’, germinating at low temperature, produced the highest number of seeds. Seed number negatively correlated with their DW and positively with the number of active reaction centers (RC/CSm) in all cultivars. In cvs. ‘Abelina’ and ‘Malaga’, the number of seeds also positively correlated with the index performance of photosystem II (PSII), which was the highest in all plants germinating at low temperature. We suggest cultivating cv. ‘Abelina’ in cooler regions, while cvs. ‘Petrina’ and ‘Malaga’ in warmer areas.


Author(s):  
Hans Böker

AbstractComparative biological morphology, incorporating the study of active reaction, is contrasted with genetics as the study of passive mutation. Geneticists investigate anatomical characters, never anatomical constructions, which are capable of reorganization when the biological-morphological equilibrium of the organism has been disturbed. The anatomy of Opisthocomus cristatus and Stringops habroptilus demonstrate that three successive disturbances in the bio-morphological equilibrium are reacted to purposively by anatomical reconstruction. These reactions are no accidental mutations, but are anatomical reactions, related to, and affecting, the organism as a whole. In sharp contrast to such anatomical reaction, resulting, during phylogeny, in reorganization, are the “technics” [i.e., mechanistic bases] of individual development. The hereditary process is, like every physiological or embryological process, a fixed mechanism, which remains constant until an active reaction leads to reconstruction and at the same time an appropriate change of the mechanisms. The remolding of species is therefore no passive, “technical” process, but a creative act of the organisms themselves. [Original English abstract; not translated.]


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore V. Giofrè ◽  
Matteo Tiecco ◽  
Angelo Ferlazzo ◽  
Roberto Romeo ◽  
Gianluca Ciancaleoni ◽  
...  

<p>The click cycloaddition reaction of azides and alkynes affording 1,2,3-triazoles is a widely used and effective chemical transformation, applied to obtain relevant products in medicine, biology and materials science. In this work, a set of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) as green and “active” reaction media, has been investigated in the copper-catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions (CuAAc). The use of these innovative solvents has shown to improve the reaction effectiveness, giving excellent yields. NADESs proved to be “active” in these transformations for the absence of added bases in all the performed reactions and in several cases, for their reducing capabilities. The reactions outcomes were rationalized by DFT calculations which demonstrated the involvement of H-bonds between DESs and alkynes as well as a stabilization of copper catalytic intermediates. The green experimental conditions, namely the absence of a base, the low temperatures, the lowering of reagents and the possibility of recycling of the green solvents, outline the great potential of NADESs for CuAAc and in general, for green organic synthesis. </p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore V. Giofrè ◽  
Matteo Tiecco ◽  
Angelo Ferlazzo ◽  
Roberto Romeo ◽  
Gianluca Ciancaleoni ◽  
...  

<p>The click cycloaddition reaction of azides and alkynes affording 1,2,3-triazoles is a widely used and effective chemical transformation, applied to obtain relevant products in medicine, biology and materials science. In this work, a set of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) as green and “active” reaction media, has been investigated in the copper-catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions (CuAAc). The use of these innovative solvents has shown to improve the reaction effectiveness, giving excellent yields. NADESs proved to be “active” in these transformations for the absence of added bases in all the performed reactions and in several cases, for their reducing capabilities. The reactions outcomes were rationalized by DFT calculations which demonstrated the involvement of H-bonds between DESs and alkynes as well as a stabilization of copper catalytic intermediates. The green experimental conditions, namely the absence of a base, the low temperatures, the lowering of reagents and the possibility of recycling of the green solvents, outline the great potential of NADESs for CuAAc and in general, for green organic synthesis. </p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Fábregas-Tejeda ◽  
Abigail Nieves Delgado ◽  
Jan Baedke

AbstractAgainst the common historiographic narratives of evolutionary biology, the first decades of the 20th century were theoretically far richer than usually assumed. This especially refers to the hitherto neglected role that early theoretical biologists played in introducing visionary research perspectives and concepts before the institutionalization of the Modern Synthesis. Here, we present one of these scholars, the German theoretical biologist and ecomorphologist Hans Böker (1886–1939), by reviewing his 1935 paper “Artumwandlung durch Umkonstruktion, Umkonstruktion durch aktives Reagieren der Organismen” ("Species Transformation Through Reconstruction: Reconstruction Through Active Reaction of Organisms"), published in the inaugural volume of the journal Acta Biotheoretica. While largely forgotten today, this work represents a melting pot of ideas that adumbrate some of today’s most lively debated empirical and conceptual topics in evolutionary biology: the active role of organisms as actors of their own evolution, environmental induction and phenotypic plasticity, genetic assimilation, as well as developmental bias. We discuss Böker’s views on how species change through (what he calls) "Umkonstruktion," and how such reconstruction is exerted through active reactions of organisms to environmental perturbations. In addition, we outline the aims and wider context of his "biological comparative anatomy," including Boker’s reprehensible political affiliation with the Nazi Party. Finally, we highlight some of the historical reasons for why Böker’s views did not have a larger impact in evolutionary biology, but we also recount some of the direct and indirect legacies of his approach in research areas such as ecomorphology and (Eco)EvoDevo. Böker’s paper is available as supplementary material in the online version of this article, as part of the journal's "Classics in Biological Theory" collection; the first translation of the paper into English, by Alexander Böhm and Jan Baedke, is also being published in this volume.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore V. Giofrè ◽  
Matteo Tiecco ◽  
Angelo Ferlazzo ◽  
Roberto Romeo ◽  
Gianluca Ciancaleoni ◽  
...  

<p>The click cycloaddition reaction of azides and alkynes affording 1,2,3-triazoles is a widely used and effective chemical transformation, applied to obtain relevant products in medicine, biology and materials science. In this work, a set of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) as green and “active” reaction media, has been investigated in the copper-catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions (CuAAc). The use of these innovative solvents has shown to improve the reaction effectiveness, giving excellent yields. NADESs proved to be “active” in these transformations for the absence of added bases in all the performed reactions and in several cases, for their reducing capabilities. The reactions outcomes were rationalized by DFT calculations which demonstrated the involvement of H-bonds between DESs and alkynes as well as a stabilization of copper catalytic intermediates. The green experimental conditions, namely the absence of a base, the low temperatures, the lowering of reagents and the possibility of recycling of the green solvents, outline the great potential of NADESs for CuAAc and in general, for green organic synthesis. </p>


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