Multi-Criteria Inventory Optimisation of University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria’s Bakery Using Goal Programming Approach and Flour as the Major Raw-Material

Asides inventory cost, which is being used as the only inventory performance measure at the University of Ibadan bakery, a number of other criteria, such as inventory cost, service level, inventory turnover and delivery lead time which influence the performance of an inventory system have surfaced over the years. Hence, there is the need to examine all these criteria-objectives altogether. Therefore, this research was centred towards optimising the inventory system of University of Ibadan bakery, putting multiple criteria into consideration. Data on 17 raw materials: their costs, suppliers, usage rate, lead time, storage space and available capital were collected by means of interviews, past records and observations. The weighted goal program algorithm was adopted to find the best compromise between fulfilling the four objectives by minimising the sum of the deviation from the target values of the goals. Subsequently, Lingo 17.0 and Tora 1.0 optimisation software packages were used to solve and compare the model generated, while putting into consideration storage space constraint and budgeted capital. The developed model from the goal programming algorithm exhibited four goals (combined into one objective function). Same solutions were obtained from Lingo 17.0 and Tora 1.0. While Lingo 17.0 gave a uniform service level of 100% , a turnover ratio greater than 1(>1) for all the materials at a negligible increase (of < 0.0001%) in total inventory cost of the raw materials and available lead time duration of zero days (< 24 hours) for each material, Tora 1.0 gave a uniform service level of 100% , a turnover ratio greater than 1 (> 1) for all the materials at a negligible increase (of < 0.0001%) in total inventory cost of the raw materials and available lead time duration of zero days (< 24 hours) for each material. Implementation of the developed model will eliminate unnecessary waiting time between production, thereby ensuring effective and efficient utilisation of raw materials in production which will lead to reduced cost of holding inventory, elimination of unnecessary overall cost and wastages, and also improvement of the productivity and profit on the long run.

PENGARUH AGENCY COST TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN BUMN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

Agency problem timbul akibat adanya perbedaan kepentingan antara agen dan prinsipal. Kepemilikan saham pada perusahaan BUMN yang terkonsentrasi pada kepemilikan pemerintah sebagai prinsipal cenderung memungkinkan terjadinya agency problem yang lebih besar. Agency problem akan menimbulkan biaya yang harus ditanggung oleh perusahaan yang disebut agency cost. Pengukuran tingkat agency cost pada penelitian ini menggunakan expense ratio dan total turnover ratio. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh agency cost terhadap nilai perusahaan BUMN yang diproksikan dengan rasio Tobin’s Q.

Analysis of Current Assets of a Nurkeldi Kurulush LLC Construction Company

Research relevance: in this article, based on the actual materials of the construction company, an analysis of current assets was carried out, their efficiency of use was calculated, as well as the liquidity ratio. Research materials and methods: the authors has given their own definition of the concept current assets. Research objectives: analysis of current assets, reflected in a separate subsection of the Asset section of the balance sheet. Research results: the calculated coefficients indicate that, compared to last year, the work of construction companies has deteriorated since the turnover in days increased by 146.66 days and the turnover ratio decreased by 3.53 (turnover); the load factor increased by KGS 0.41. Conclusions: based on the results of the analysis, recommendations were given to the management of the enterprise.

Impact of Merger and Acquisition on Financial Performance: Evidence from Construction and Real Estate Industry of India

This article aims to examine the impact of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) on the financial performance of the construction and real estate industry, using the broad spectrum of financial ratios. The period of study is from 2011 to 2020, and paired t-test methodology has been used. It is hypothesized that there is a significant difference in the pre-M&A period and post-M&A period. The study findings conclude that profitability ratio and liquidity ratio have improved significantly, whereas leverage ratio exhibits no change in performance. In the efficiency ratio, the fixed-assets turnover ratio substantially improves, but the total asset turnover ratio and current asset turnover ratio show a slight improvement. The study concludes that the Indian construction and real estate company’s financial performance has improved overall for the acquiring firms during the post-M&A period. The study implies that the construction sector supports the synergy hypothesis, stating that M&A will improve synergy during the post-M&A period because of the consolidation of two firms’ resources.

A Comparative Study on Working Capital Management of Tata Motors Limited and Maruti Suzuki India Limited

The automobile industry in India is one of the speedily growing industry. Working Capital Management is important in this industry due to increasing demand and huge investment in this sector requires proper management. Working Capital Management perform a vital role in the success and failure of a business due to its effect on the performance and liquidity. Thereby this study has been undertaken to Comparative analyse working capital management of Tata Motors Limited and Maruti Suzuki India Limited for the period of seven years from 2013-14 to 2019-20. In this study three objectives are set for research. The first one was to assess the impact of working capital on sales, second was to assess the impact of working capital on profitability and third was to evaluate the working capital performance of the companies under study through the use of various financial ratios. The study reflects that the efficiency of working capital management of the companies is influenced by the Liquidity Ratios, Debtor Turnover Ratio, Inventory Turnover Ratio and profitability Ratio.

Financial analysis by return on equity (ROE) and return on asset (ROA)-A comparative study of HUL and ITC

The financial performance of the top two companies of the FMCG sector HUL and ITC are analyzed in this research paper by using the two most popular financial tools of analysis i.e., ROE and ROA. Similar to the DuPont method, components of Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Asset (ROA) are segregated to do the analysis of financial performance and to accomplish the objective. To calculate ROE and ROA, ratios such as net profit ratio (NPR), total asset turnover ratio (TATR), and equity multiplier (EQM) will be used. It is observed that the use of financial leverage was mainly responsible for the whole decrease in return on equity (ROE). In terms of return on equity, we found that the Asset Turnover Ratio increases somewhat, while in the case of ITC, the ratio either remains the same or slightly decreases in value. As a result, HUL's total asset turnover ratio (TATR) is greater than that of ITC, suggesting that HUL is more efficient in its asset use. We were able to demonstrate statistically, via the use of the One-way Anova test, that there is a significant meaningful association among the ratios.

Effects of human capital and fund characteristics on mutual fund performance in Malaysia

Background: The evolution of the mutual funds industry has changed investors’ perspective. Instead of just focusing on which fund performances are best, investors pay great attention to who is managing and delivering superior returns in their investment portfolios. Nonetheless, it is very scant of comprehensive studies concern with human capital managerial characteristics that link with fund performances. Hence, this study proposes the integration of fund performances, managerial characteristics, systematic risk, expense, and turnover ratio, with single and simultaneous equations based on asset pricing models. Methods: Using a sample of Malaysian fund managers, data from fund management companies, Thomson One database, and fund master prospectus over the periods of January 2012 to December 2014, the fund performance was measured using Jensen alpha (CAPM single factor), and Fama and French three-factor model on single and simultaneous equations. The examination was further carried out by employing the ordinary least squares and three-stage least squares methods. Results: The results suggest that for fund managers, holding a business degree was the key factor to determine the fund performance, while having Master’s degree was not the primary concern. Fund performance and risk behavior varied across fund managers of different gender. Conclusions: The expense ratio, turnover ratio, and fund objective were significantly correlated with fund performance. This study provides ultimate implications for fund management companies, when it comes to the efficient allocation of human capital. Fund management companies should focus more on the team-managed funds phenomenon, instead of on single-managed funds. Overall, this study provides significant guidance for the Malaysian Securities Commissions and fund management companies, to develop a more competent funds market in Malaysia. Specifically, by strengthening the fund industry policies, the typical agency problems, such as too-high managerial expenses, and excessive risk-taking can be alleviated.

Relationship Between Management of Working Asset and Firm Prof-itableness: (Case of Digi Telecom Berhad Malaysia)

The purpose of this study is to understand the association of proper management of working capital and profitableness of Digi telecom Berhad Malaysia during the period of 2015 until 2019. The methodology used is quantitative method statistics. In this paper, secondary data were used in a form of ratio analysis which is obtained from the financial reports of the past five years of Digi telecom. To investigate the strength and weakness of the correlation among working asset management and profitableness of the company correlation analysis, regression analysis and descriptive statistics were used. The findings indicate there is a solid negative correlation among return on asset to current ratio, quick ratio and day’s payable outstanding whereas there is moderate and weak negative relationship between return on asset to debtors turnover ratio and inventory turnover ratio respectively. It is important for managers of Digi telecom to create and improve the shareholders wealth and value by improving the company’s working capital ratio and reduce the days collection period and days payable outstanding.

The effect of the introduction of market makers on stock liquidity: evidence from the Brazilian stock market

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze whether the introduction of market makers as specialized intermediaries in the trading of stocks listed on the Brazilian stock exchange is a useful procedure for increasing the market liquidity of these assets. Methodology: The Chow structural break test was performed in the time series of the liquidity proxies, average spread, turnover ratio, and financial volume on a sample of 55 stocks. We chose to consider data in the window of 260 days before and after the start of the market maker's activity, because it represents the approximate number of trading sessions in a year, and to avoid erroneous conclusions due to the volatility of the Brazilian stock market. Results: The results showed with a 99% confidence level that after the introduction of market makers, (i) 67% of the stocks analyzed had abrupt and statistically significant changes in the average spread; (ii) 47% in the turnover ratio; and (iii) 60% had changes in the volume transactions. At the confidence level of 95%, (i) 76% of the stocks analyzed showed abrupt changes in the average spread; (ii) 65% had changes in turnover; (iii) and 69% had changes in the trading volume. Using a lower confidence level of 90%, the results revealed 85% of the stocks had abrupt and statistically significant changes in the average spread, 78% in the turnover ratio, and 73% in the trading volume. Contributions of the Study: This paper provides strong evidence on the performance of market makers and the influence they have on the market liquidity of stocks traded on the Brazilian stock exchange. We found that contracting market makers increase market liquidity and contribute significantly to the assets’ transactions.

Competitive Advantage and Risk: Impact on Indian Stock Market

The current study examines the performance of top 40 companies based on market capitalization for the period of 5 years (2015-2019). Competitive advantage is measured using asset turnover ratio and profit margin and risk is measured using financial leverage. Book to market ratio is used as a measure of market performance of the firms. The results indicate that profit margin has the most significant impact on the market performance in the Indian stock market.