College Tuition and Income Inequality

This paper evaluates the role of rising income inequality in explaining observed growth in college tuition. We develop a competitive model of the college market, in which college quality depends on instructional expenditure and the average ability of admitted students. An innovative feature of our model is that it allows for a continuous distribution of college quality. We find that observed increases in US income inequality can explain more than half of the observed rise in average net tuition since 1990 and that rising income inequality has also depressed college attendance. (JEL D31, I22, I23, I24)

Innovation in the Implementation of the Team Assisted Individualization Learning Model Based on Hands-On-Activity to Improve Students' Motivation and Concept Understanding

The purpose of this study was to determine the application of the TAIbased Hands-on Activity learning model effectively to improve theunderstanding of chemical concepts and the learning motivation of learners ofhydrocarbon combustion material. This study uses a Quasi-ExperimentalDesign with the research subjects being Class XI students of SMA N 1 Kramat.The sample in this study was taken using the Random Sampling Clustertechnique. The instrument in this study was a test instrument in the form of apretest and posttest, while the non-test instrument was a questionnaire. Theresults of the t-test analysis showed that the application of the TAI basedHands-on Activity learning model was effective in increasing the ability tounderstand chemical concepts and learner motivation. The average ability tounderstand the concepts of chemistry in the experimental class and the controlclass was 78.06 and 67.86, respectively. The average learning motivation ofstudents in the experimental class and the successive control class is 75.83 and65.83. The N-gain test for understanding the concept of the experimental classand the control class were 0.467 (medium category) and 0.296 (low category),respectively. N-gain learning motivation of students in the experimental classand control class was 0.42 (medium category) and 0.25 (low category),respectively.

PENGARUH VARIASI LATIHAN SHOOTING AFTER DRIBBLING DAN SHOOTING AFTER PASSING TERHADAP AKURASI SHOOTING PADA ATLET USIA 11-13 TAHUN SSB SOCCER PRATAMA TAHUN 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of training variants using Shooting After Dribbling Exercises and Shooting After Passing Exercises on Shooting Accuracy in athletes aged 11-13 years SSB Soccer Pranata in 2021. The population of this study were 30 SSB Soccer students, the technique of taking The sample used purposive sampling as many as 10 people with predetermined criteria. The data collection technique is carrying out tests and measurements of shooting accuracy in the form of pre test and post test, namely Shooting After Dribbling and Shooting After Passing. Measurement of the test is done by shooting the target ball that has been determined 5 times and then the results are added up. The results of this study indicate that (1) Shooting after dribbing and Shooting after passing exercises provide a significant increase in shooting results for players aged 11-13 years at SSB Soccer Pratama 2021. It can be seen from the difference in the average ability of students before training. and after exercise. (2) The pretest score of the players in this study was 5.4 while the score of the posttest of the players was 13.8 with t count = 10.1 and ttable = 2.13 so that it can be said that tcount >ttable. So it can be concluded that this exercise greatly affects the shooting ability of players aged 11-13 years at SSB Soccer Pratama on their shooting abilities.

PEMANFAATAN MEDIA GAMBAR BERSERI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN MENULIS TEKS CERPEN MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KREATIF PRODUKTIF

This study aims to describe the results of the ability to write short stories by utilizing serial image media through product creative learning models for class IX students at MTs Negeri 2 Banyumas. From the results of the initial conditions of learning to write short stories before using the media, it was found that the average ability of students in writing short stories was still far from the specified Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM), which was a score of 72 and above. There are still many students who have not scored 72, which is 41.20%, while those who scored 72 and above are 58.22%. The inability of students to achieve this KKM requires an innovation, namely the use of serial image media through productive creative learning methods in learning to write short stories. So that there is an increase in the value of the results of writing short stories made by students using serial images, namely; the average ability to write short stories of students has increased from before when viewed from the percentage of previous learning outcomes, after using serial image media through productive creative learning methods, the results of learning to write short stories increased to 82.35%. From these results, it can be seen that there are still 17.65% of students who still get a score below 72, while others get a score of 72 and above. This proves that the use of serial image media through product creative learning methods can improve students' abilities in writing short stories. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan hasil kemampuan menulis teks cerpen dengan memanfaatkan media gambar berseri melalui model pembelajaran kreatif produk pada peserta didik kelas IX MTs Negeri 2 Banyumas. Dari hasil kondisi awal pembelajaran menulis teks cerpen sebelum menggunakan media ditemukan bahwa kemampuan rata-rata peserta didik dalam menulis cerpen masih jauh dari Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimum (KKM) yang ditetapkan, yaitu nilai 72 ke atas. Masih banyak peserta didik yang belum mendapat nilai 72 yaitu 41,20% sedangkan yang mendapat nilai 72 ke atas sebanyak 58,22%. Ketidakmampuan peserta didik dalam mencapai KKM ini membutuhkan sebuah inovasi, yaitu penggunaan media gambar berseri melalui metode pembelajaran kreatif produktif dalam pembelajaran menulis teks cerpen. Sehingga ada peningkatan nilai dari hasil menulis teks cerpen yang dibuat peserta didik dengan menggunakan media gambar berseri yaitu; rata-rata kemampuan menulis teks cerpen peserta didik sudah meningkat dari sebelumnya apabila dilihat dari prosentase hasil belajar sebelumnya, setelah menggunakan media gambar berseri melalui metode pembelajaran kreatif produktif hasil pembelajaran menulis teks cerpen meningkat menjadi 82,35%. Dari hasil tersebut dapat diketahui masih ada 17,65% peserta didik yang masih mendapatkan nilai di bawah 72, sedangkan lainnya mendapat nilai 72 ke atas. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa penggunaan media gambar berseri melalui metode pembelajaran kreatif produk dapat meningkatkan kemampuan peserta didik dalam menulis teks cerpen.

Optimizing voting order on sequential juries: a median voter theorem and beyond

We consider an odd-sized “jury”, which votes sequentially between two equiprobable states of Nature (say A and B, or Innocent and Guilty), with the majority opinion determining the verdict. Jurors have private information in the form of a signal in $$[-1,+1]$$ [ - 1 , + 1 ] , with higher signals indicating A more likely. Each juror has an ability in [0, 1], which is proportional to the probability of A given a positive signal, an analog of Condorcet’s p for binary signals. We assume that jurors vote honestly for the alternative they view more likely, given their signal and prior voting, because they are experts who want to enhance their reputation (after their vote and actual state of Nature is revealed). For a fixed set of jury abilities, the reliability of the verdict depends on the voting order. For a jury of size three, the optimal ordering is always as follows: middle ability first, then highest ability, then lowest. For sufficiently heterogeneous juries, sequential voting is more reliable than simultaneous voting and is in fact optimal (allowing for non-honest voting). When average ability is fixed, verdict reliability is increasing in heterogeneity. For medium-sized juries, we find through simulation that the median ability juror should still vote first and the remaining ones should have increasing and then decreasing abilities.

STUDENTS’ LEARNING CREATIVITY PROFILE REVIEWED FROM SCHOOL ACCREDITATION STATUS

This article aims to describe the students' learning creativity profile reviewed from school's accreditation status. The method in this study was a survey method by distributing a questionnaire of students’ learning creativity through google form. Participants in the study were grade VIII students in public schools with National Standard School accredited status, schools with A accredited State Junior High School (JHS), and B accredited State Junior High School (JHS). Based on the results of data processing, there was a significant average difference in learning creativity on indicators the ability to deal with learning problems between public schools with National Standard School accredited status and schools with A accredited State JHS. The average ability to deal with learning problems is also significantly different between schools with A accredited State JHS, and B accredited State JHS. A significant difference in average is also shown in the indicators of interest in learning creations and indicators of the ability to develop in learning between public schools with National Standard School accredited status and schools with A accredited State JHS. The results of this study can be used as empirical data for research on guidance and counseling programs to develop students' creativity in schools.Keywords: Profile, learning creativity, student

A-10 High Score Multivariate Base Rates for the Spanish-Language NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery: Potential Resource for Assessing High-Functioning Spanish-Speaking Patients

Objective This study involved the preparation of high score multivariate base rates for the Spanish-language NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) to inform neuropsychological practice with high-functioning Spanish-speaking patients. Method Participants included 250 healthy adults from the Spanish-language NIHTB-CB normative sample (M = 38.8 ± 13.7 years-old; 72.0% women; 100% Latinx) who completed the full battery (2 crystallized and 5 fluid cognition tests). Multivariate base rates quantified the frequency at which participants obtained 1+ fluid test scores ≥50th, ≥63rd, ≥75th, ≥84th, ≥91st, ≥95th, and ≥ 98th percentile based on age-adjusted and demographic-adjusted normed scores, with stratifications based on education, crystallized ability, and sociocultural characteristics. Results It was common for participants in the normative sample to obtain 1+ high scores (50.8% obtained 1+ scores ≥84th percentile) and uncommon for participants to obtain no high scores, especially when using lower, non-conventional thresholds for defining a high score (10.8% obtained no scores ≥50th percentile). The frequency of participants obtaining no high scores varied by education (36.8% with <12 years obtained no scores ≥63rd percentile vs. 2.1% with ≥16 years), crystallized ability (47.8% with below average ability obtained no scores ≥75th percentile vs. 21.9% with above average ability), and sociocultural characteristics (37.1% from households below national median income obtained no scores ≥75th vs. 6.9% from households above). Conclusion(s) The frequency of high scores varied by education, crystallized ability, and sociocultural characteristics, which was not fully accounted for by use of demographic-adjusted norms. In high-functioning patients and patients of higher socioeconomic status, the absence of high scores is uncommon and may indicate cognitive decline.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DIRECT LEARNING MODEL IN IMPROVING THE ABILITY OF BASIC VOLLEY BALL PASSING TECHNIQUES IN CLASS VII SMP NEGERI 18 PEKANBARU

This research is motivated by the observations of researchers who are also sports teachers at SMP Negeri 18 Pekanbaru on the low ability of basic volleyball passing techniques for seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 18 Pekanbaru. This study aims to improve the basic technical skills of volleyball passing through a direct learning model for class VII students of SMP Negeri 18 Pekanbaru. The subjects of this study were students of Class VII SMP Negeri 18 Pekanbaru with a total of 28 students. The form of research is classroom action research. The research instrument consisted of performance instruments and data collection instruments in the form of observation sheets for teacher activities and student activities. Based on the results of the research that has been done, several conclusions are obtained. The passing ability of class VII students of SMP Negeri 18 Pekanbaru through direct learning in the initial test obtained an average value of 66.5 (Competent Enough). In the first cycle, the students' average ability increased with an average score of 70.9 (competent). In the second cycle the students' average ability was achieved at an average value of 76.8 (Competence) with a percentage of completeness of 100%. Thus the research hypothesis which reads: Through the application of direct learning models can improve the ability of basic techniques of passing volleyball games of class VII SMP Negeri 18 Pekanbaru, can be "accepted"

Elaboration of High School Student’s Metacognition Awareness on Heat and Temperature Material: Wright Map in Rasch Model

This study aims to elaborate on the interaction between students’ metacognitive awareness and the difficulty level of items in Heat and Temperature Metacognition Awareness Inventory (HeTMAI). This study uses a quantitative research method with the type of survey research. The respondents involved were 30 students and came from one the public high schools in eastern Indonesia. Metacognitive awareness was evaluated using the 26-item HeTMAI. Student responses are administered online, are voluntary and anonymous. The interaction between students’ metacognitive awareness and items in HeTMAI was analyzed using the Wright map based on the Rasch model. The analysis results show that the student’s average ability is 1.00 logit higher than the item difficulty level. The students’ abilities ranged from -1.34 to 5.98 logit, and the item difficulty level ranged from -0.51 to 0.70. In general, it appears that most students tend to agree more easily with the statements in HeTMAI.

PENERAPAN PEMBERIAN LATIHAN SOAL-SOAL KONTEKSTUAL DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA

The learning process involves three important components, namely subject matter, learning activities and assessment (evaluation). Planning each learning scenario needs to always keep in mind the nature of the material to be studied by students, student readiness factors, and student motivation to learn, because what students will learn must be aware of the meaning and benefits for students and for their future lives. Efforts to raise the motivation of class XI students of SMA Negeri 1 Natar South Lampung in learning mathematics have been carried out by teachers in their field of study in various ways, such as providing opportunities for students to ask questions, and designing learning in the form of group discussions. Based on the fact that t arithmetic is between t < t with a significant level of 5%, the value of t = 0.98 < t = 1.76 so that Ho is accepted, the study shows that the average ability of students in the initial test of ability to learn mathematics has increased.