linguistic awareness
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2021 ◽  
Vol LXXVII (77) ◽  
pp. 193-209
Author(s):  
MAREK KASZEWSKI

W tekście podejmowana jest problematyka ograniczeń procesu kategoryzacji klas derywatów deminutywnych oraz symilatywnych w dobie średniopolskiej. Celem opracowania było wskazanie potencjalnych przyczyn blokowania procesów kategoryzacyjnych klas historycznych deminutywów oraz symilatywów. W zakresie metodologii i ustaleń terminologicznych wykorzystano osiągnięcia tzw. „katowickiej szkoły słowotwórstwa historycznego”. Głównym źródłem materiału leksykalnego stał się trójjęzyczny dykcjonarz M.A. Troca z 1764 roku (jego III tom, z polszczyzną jako językiem wyjściowym). Świadomość lingwistyczna autora tego słownika, przejawiająca się w sposobie organizacji wyrażeń hasłowych oraz doboru ekwiwalentów wraz z definicjami, rzuciła nowe światło na sposób identyfikowania kategorii deminutywów, symilatywów, a także formacji tautologicznych przez dawnych użytkowników języka. Okazało się, że w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku żadna z tych klas nie wykrystalizowała swoich dominant, zaś czynnikiem, który mógł podtrzymywać ten stan, była obecność w języku znacznej liczby derywatów tautologicznych względem podstawy, budowanych z udziałem wielofunkcyjnych formantów z podstawowymi sufiksalnymi spółgłoskami -k- i -c-. Diminutivity, similativity and word-formation tautology in Middle Polish (illustrated with data from M.A. Troc’s Dictionary) Summary: The text deals with the limitations of the categorization process of the classes of diminutive and similative derivatives in Middle Polish. The aim of the study was to identify the potential reasons for the blocking of the categorization processes of the historical classes of diminutives and similatives. The methodology and terminology used in the paper follows the achievements of the so-called “Katowice school of historical word-formation”. The 1764 trilingual dictionary by M.A. Troc (Volume 3, with Polish as the input language) was the main source of lexical material. Based on the analysis of the presented material, one can conclude that the linguistic awareness of the lexicographer, manifested through the organization of dictionary entries and the choice of foreign equivalents and their definitions, may shed a new light on the categorical system of historical derivatives. In lack of sufficient Polish-language contexts, the translational character of lexicographic sources lets us gain information about the semantic and stylistic value of Polish lexical units on the basis of their foreign equivalents or their foreign-language definitions provided by dictionaries. The category of diminutive names in the second half of the 18th century did not yet crystallize its dominants, and the class of similative names had a similar formal and semantic status. Both classes constituted products of sets that contained derivative units, assuming a diminishing or similative function. The factor that inhibited the process of the crystallization of the dominants in the mentioned classes was the extremely high level of word-formation tautology, which did not allow language users to identify the real functions of multifunctional formants with the basic consonants -k- and -c-.


2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (5 Zeszyt specjalny) ◽  
pp. 155-174
Author(s):  
Anna Wileczek

This article presents the latest lexical tendencies in the language of contemporary Polish youth. The directions of the dominance of certain meanings were analysed on the basis of the submissions for the Youth Word of the Year contest (2020), as well as the online slang dictionary miejski.pl. The data obtained comes from natural users of the language and is based on their linguistic awareness and intuition. Dominant semantic fields were distinguished, namely human, interpersonal relationships, attitudes towards life, cultural preferences, etc. Coining new terms in these areas is accompanied by expressiveness, humour, and playing with language norms. Despite the occurrence of new words connected with the Covid-19 pandemic, they have not been widely represented among those lexical and semantic units considered interesting and worth mentioning.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Kresa

Perception and Evaluation of the Polish Kresy Dialect (Based on Wołyń, Directed by Wojciech Smarzowski)The subject of the article are the results of an analysis of the perception and evaluation of linguistic styling in the film Wołyń (Volhynia), directed by Wojciech Smarzowski (2016). The analysis of the reception of these linguistic choices is the last element of the research process, which is difficult to conduct without discussing elements such as the genesis of the film, its plot, the creators and the markers used in the styling process. Therefore, in this article I briefly present these elements. The research material comprises the spontaneous reactions of Filmweb website users to the film and the responses of 182 people who took part in my survey. The analysis leads to the conclusion that linguistic styling is rarely discussed by forum users. If the viewers pay attention to it, they subject it to broad (not always justified) criticism. Among the col­lected statements, however, there were also some that testify to the high linguistic awareness of the audience in the discussed area. The results of the survey led to the conclusion that the hero’s speech, stylized in the Polish Eastern Borderlands Dialect, is identified by almost everyone (91%) as evidence of Eastern Borderlands origin. Among the differential markers, viewers mainly indi­cate phonetic markers typical of the Polish Eastern Borderlands Dialect (e.g., pronunciations of the type dz’ec’i, ł coronal) or general dialect (e.g. labialization). Percepcja i ocena filmowej polszczyzny kresowej (na przykładzie Wołynia w reżyserii Wojciecha Smarzowskiego) Przedmiot artykułu stanowią wyniki analizy percepcji i oceny zabiegów filmowej stylizacji językowej w filmie Wołyń w reżyserii Wojciecha Smarzowskiego (2016). Analiza odbioru tych zabiegów jest ostatnim elementem procesu badawczego i trudno ją przepro­wadzić bez omówienia takich elementów jak: geneza filmu, jego fabuła, twórcy oraz omó­wienie wykładników wykorzystanych w procesie stylizacji. W związku z tym w artykule pokrótce przedstawiłam te elementy. Materiał badawczy stanowią spontaniczne wypowiedzi na temat języka bohaterów Wołynia wyekscerpowane z forum internetowego Filmweb oraz odpowiedzi 182 osób, które wzięły udział w przygotowanej przeze mnie ankiecie. Analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że zabiegi stylizacyjne są jednym z tematów najrzadziej poruszanych przez użytkowników forum. Jeśli już widzowie zwracają na nie uwagę, to poddają je szerokiej (nie zawsze uzasadnionej) krytyce. Wśród zebranych wypowiedzi znalazły się jednak także takie, które świadczą o wysokiej świadomości językowej widzów w omawianym zakresie. Wyniki badań ankietowych prowadzą do wniosku, że stylizowana na polszczyznę kre­sową wypowiedź bohatera jest niemal przez wszystkich (91%) identyfikowana jako dowód jego kresowego pochodzenia. Wśród wykładników dyferencyjnych widzowie wskazują przede wszystkim wykładniki fonetyczne typowe dla polszczyzny kresowej (np. wymowa typu dz’ec’i, ł przedniojęzykowe) lub ogólnogwarowe (np. labializacja).


2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1071-1102
Author(s):  
Anna Branets ◽  
Anna Verschik

This study explores how people use and expand their linguistic resources in the situation when they have some proficiency in L2 and try to understand L3 that is related to L2. The focus of the study is on the comprehension of Ukrainian by Estonian L1 speakers via their proficiency in Russian (L2). This situation is labeled as mediated receptive multilingualism. The aim of this research is to investigate the role of cross-linguistic similarity (objective or perceived, in the terms of Ringbom 2007) and extra-linguistic predictors of success in comprehension. In addition to measuring the success rate, we pay attention to the participant's perspective. The experiment was conducted with 30 speakers of Estonian as L1 and included a questionnaire, C-test in Russian, three Ukrainian texts with different groups of tasks, and debriefing. In this article, we focus on the task of defining Ukrainian words from the text and on debriefing interviews. The results showed that similarity, perceived or objective, is not the only decisive factor in facilitating understanding. The participants explanations confirmed our previous findings that similarity, albeit important, is only partly responsible for successful comprehension. This became clear from the debriefing interviews. In many cases, the participants' choice was affected by a range of extra-linguistic factors: general knowledge, context, exposure to various registers of Russian, M-factor, meta-linguistic awareness, and learnability. In some instances, context and general knowledge outweighed similarity. These findings show how similarity worked together with extra-linguistic factors in facilitating successful comprehension in challenging multilingual settings.


2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Ewa Konefał

The article presents the sources of communicative models of translation, founded on the results of enthnopsycholinguistic contrastive research conducted by the Department of Psycholinguistics and Communication Theory of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (later: Russian Academy of Sciences). It focuses on the description of the relations within the triads of language-ethnos-culture or language-consciousness-culture. The problems raised by ethnopsycholinguists from the point of view of translation include lacunae and linguistic awareness of the participants of communication, including bilingual communication.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1171-1180
Author(s):  
Raúl Arístides Pérez Aguilar

The border society of Chetumal is studied in order to know how the speakers of this linguistic community conceive their ways of speaking Spanish in different situational contexts (home or work), before different people (employers, friends or subordinates) and with it get to check the degree of linguistic awareness they possess; that is, if the social boundaries present in their speech exist and are recognized as such by all speakers. This study is based on just over 100 questionnaires applied to the same number of Spanish-speakers born in Chetumal in 2019, who were registered according to the traditional sociolinguistic factors of age, sex, and socio-cultural level, the latter calculated basically on the individual's education index. The conclusions reflect the linguistic reality of Spanish speakers on the southern border of Mexico in which Caribbean and English elements are palpable in the lexical sector of the language.


Author(s):  
Rebecca Pozzi ◽  
Lina Reznicek-Parrado

Abstract Heritage speaker identities have traditionally been a relevant topic of inquiry among scholars of heritage language pedagogy. Nevertheless, there is little research on Spanish heritage language identities in a study abroad context. Additionally, most existing studies on this topic focus on heritage speakers of Mexican descent studying in Mexico (e.g., de Félix & Cavazos Peña, 1992; McLaughlin, 2001; Riegelhaupt & Carrasco, 2000). This study examines heritage language identities in a non-heritage context by exploring the experiences of three heritage speakers of Mexican descent studying in Mendoza, Argentina. By focusing on a non-heritage context, we move away from the presumption that all heritage speakers seek to (re)claim a specific ethnic identity through language study (see Leeman, 2015). Instead, our qualitative analysis illustrates the diverse ways heritage speakers in a non-heritage context construct, contest, and negotiate their identities with respect to linguistic awareness, negotiation between varieties, and perceptions of their abilities.


Multilingua ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Gabriel ◽  
Thorsten Klinger ◽  
Irina Usanova

Abstract We investigate the interrelations between pronunciation and writing skills in French as a foreign language produced by two groups of bilingual learners (German-Russian; German-Turkish) and a monolingually raised German control group (each n = 10). As an indicator of the learners’ pronunciation skills, we refer to a perceptually relevant acoustic feature of stop production, “Voice Onset Time” (VOT). Our aim is to explore whether the learners’ proficiency at the level of pronunciation is mirrored in (1) their global language competencies and (2) their writing skills. We applied an extreme-cases approach based on the learners’ VOT productions in L3 French. Both positive and negative deviations from the French target pronunciation were found in all groups. In orthography, bilinguals showed lower correctness scores as compared to monolinguals. The VOT measurements yielded more target-like results for the bilinguals. For the monolinguals, the results reveal no correlation between pronunciation and general language proficiency as well as writing skills. In the bilinguals the investigated phenomena were more interrelated. Our analysis of semi-focused interviews conducted with all participants revealed that more target-like VOT productions correlate with a greater degree of phonological and multilingual awareness. This suggests that phonological and cross-linguistic awareness should be fostered in today’s multilingual classrooms.


2021 ◽  
pp. 46-66
Author(s):  
Helena Duć-Fajfer

The aim of this paper is to briefl y present the situation of the Lemko language from the historical perspective covering one hundred years of its development. The creation of Lemkos’ linguistic awareness and identity before their displacements (1945–1947) has been clearly refl ected in literature. It provides the foundation for reconstructing the main emancipatory identity line developed based on “our language”, equivalent to the local speech, followed by the Lemko intelligentsia, while confronting the social and political considerations of their native area. A drastic effect of the considerations was displacements, destruction of culture, and lack of conditions for fostering language. The recovery of language rights after 1989 has initiated a range of internal revitalisation processes and strategies supported also institutionally. They are, however, not able to stop the mass destructive processes resulting in the Lemko language being currently among the endangered ones


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