residual material
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2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-402
Author(s):  
Allen K. Murray

Glycogen is present in all tissues, but it is primarily stored in the liver and in muscle. As a branched chain carbohydrate, it is broken down by phosphorylase and debrancher enzymes, which are cytoplasmic. It is also degraded by a lysosomal α-glucosidase (GAA) also known as acid α-glucosidase and lysosomal acid α-glucosidase. The deficiency of GAA in patients is known as Pompe disease, and the phenotypes as infantile, juvenile and later onset forms. Pompe disease is treated by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with a recombinant form of rhGAA. Following ERT in Pompe mice and human patients there is residual carbohydrate material present in the cytoplasm of cells. The goal of this work is to improve ERT and attempt to identify and treat the residual cytoplasmic carbohydrate. Initial experiments were to determine if rhGAA can completely degrade glycogen. The enzyme cannot completely degrade glycogen. There is a residual glycosylated protein as well as a soluble glycosylated protein, which is a terminal degradation product of glycogen and as such serves as a biomarker for lysosomal glycogen degradation. The glycosylated protein has a very unusual carbohydrate composition for a glycosylated protein: m-inositol, s-inositol and sorbitol as the major carbohydrates, as well as mannitol, mannose, glucose and galactose. This work describes the residual material which likely contains the same protein as the soluble glycosylated protein. The biomarker is present in serum of control and Pompe patients on ERT, but it is not present in the serum of Pompe mice not on ERT. Pompe mice not on ERT have another glycosylated protein in their serum which may be a biomarker for Pompe disease. This protein has multiple glycosylation sites, each with different carbohydrate components. These glycosylated proteins as well as the complexity of glycogen structure are discussed, as well as future directions to try to improve the outcome of ERT for Pompe patients by being able to monitor the efficacy of ERT in the short term and possibly to adjust the timing and dose of enzyme infusions.


Author(s):  
Franziska Haupt ◽  
Insa Riggers ◽  
Frank Konietschke ◽  
Tina Rödig

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different fiber post removal techniques and to correlate dentinal loss with microcrack formation. Materials and methods Forty-five extracted single-rooted teeth were root canal treated and fiber posts were adhesively luted. Specimens were divided into three groups (n = 15) according to the removal technique: long-shaft round bur (EndoTracer #08, Komet, Lemgo, Germany), SonicFlex Endo (KaVo, Biberach, Germany), DT Post Removal Kit (VDW, Munich, Germany). Roots were scanned before post cementation and after post removal using micro-computed tomography. Dentin loss, residual luting material, working time, and the induction of microcracks were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed by using multiple contrast tests (max-t tests, α = 0.05). Correlations between parameters dentin loss/new microcracks and dentin loss/residual material were calculated using Kendall’s tau. Results Post removal with SonicFlex Endo resulted in the highest amount of removed dentin with significant differences to the round bur and the DT Post Removal Kit. No technique was found to completely remove the post and luting material. All techniques induced microcracks with the DT Post Removal Kit presenting the highest number of new defects. No correlation between dentin loss and new microcracks was observed. Deviations from the original root canal occurred in all groups, but no perforation was observed. Conclusions All techniques resulted in dentin loss, residual luting material, and the formation of microcracks. However, no correlation between dentin loss and the induction of microcracks was observed. Clinical relevance As all techniques resulted in microcrack formation and dentin loss, this study emphasizes the risk of iatrogenic damage due to post removal procedures.


Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1260
Author(s):  
Nenad Tomašić ◽  
Andrea Čobić ◽  
Matija Bedeković ◽  
Slobodan Miko ◽  
Nikolina Ilijanić ◽  
...  

Tošići-Dujići bauxite deposit, situated in Dalmatian inlands, Croatia, contains minor remaining bauxite reserves. The deposit lies on Lower Eocene foraminiferal limestone and is covered by Upper Eocene Promina sediments. Bauxite samples were analyzed for textural, mineralogical, and geochemical features in order to determine absolute REE abundances and their relation to mineralogy, as well as to devise the origin of REE enrichment and to trace weathering and bauxitization paths of the parent material. The samples show total REE abundances up to 3500 mg/kg with significant HREE enrichment in some cases. All samples are gibbsitic with hematite and anatase as major phases. Kaolinite occurs in most of the samples, and goethite, böhmite, and nordstrandite are minor phases. Monazite-(Ce) and xenotime-(Y) were identified as detrital REE minerals as well as authigenic florencite-(Ce). In the REE most abundant sample, REE are most likely bound to Fe- and Ti-oxide phases as suggested by correlation analysis. Chemical weathering proxies show intensive weathering. Geochemical and textural data imply that the REE enrichment is influenced by intensive weathering (CIA 97.87–99.26) of detrital material, and also by possible deposition/redeposition of residual material potentially derived and mobilized from various sedimentary rocks of the area.


Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1363
Author(s):  
Yanyan Yan ◽  
Zhaoqing Zhang ◽  
Junli Liu ◽  
Haozhe Yan ◽  
Xiaoxu Wang

A large number of studies have shown that the height of a residual material is the key factor affecting the surface quality of ultra-precision grinding. However, the grinding process contains several random factors, such as the randomness of grinding particle size and the random distribution of grinding particles, which cause the complexity of the material removal process. In this study, taking the Nano-ZrO2 as an example, the removal process of surface materials in ultra-precision grinding of hard and brittle materials was analyzed by probability. A new calculation method for the height of surface residual materials in ultra-precision grinding of Nano-ZrO2 was proposed, and the prediction model of the three-dimensional roughness Sa and Sq were established by using this calculation method. The simulation and experimental results show that this calculation method can obtain the more accurate surface residual material height value which accords with the characteristics of three-dimensional roughness sampling, which provides a theoretical reference for the analysis of the material removal process and the surface quality evaluation of ultra-precision grinding of hard and brittle materials.


Author(s):  
Jinmei Lu ◽  
Ingar Walder ◽  
Tiina Leiviskä

Abstract Temperature is an important factor affecting the leaching of contaminants from waste deposits, especially in the Nordic region where temperature change is more drastic than other areas. In this study, the impact of temperature variation in the leaching of sulphate, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn from the Ballangen tailings deposit, northern Norway, was investigated using a column leaching experiment. Unoxidized tailings were fed into four columns, which were subsequently put into four wine fridges set at 5, 10, 14 and 18 °C, respectively. The columns were filled with 600 ml of deionized water from the top every second week. Leachate was collected at the bottom and tested for pH, conductivity and concentrations of , Co, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. The saturation index for ferrihydrite and the activity of Fe2+ in the leachate were calculated with PHREEQC. The results showed that the conductivity and leachate concentrations of , Co, Fe, Mn and Ni were highest at 14 and 18 °C, and lowest at 5 °C, which showed high tailings oxidation and subsequent leaching of contaminants at higher temperatures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis of the residual material confirmed the oxidation of sulphides and leaching of many elements. Ferrihydrite was supersaturated in the leachate from the 14 and 18 °C columns, which showed the oxidation of pyrrhotite and olivine and the precipitation of ferrihydrite. The cumulative mass of Zn leached out was highest at 10 °C, which might be the threshold temperature for the leaching of Zn.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
Triongko Agatha Bayuaji ◽  
Basuki Anondho

ABSTRACTThe incentive is an additional compensation given in monetary or non-monetary form so that the parties involved in a job try their best to complete their work properly without reducing the quality of work. The purpose of this study is to find out what dominant factors need to be considered in implementing an incentive plan and to find out whether this incentive plan model affects the residual material. This research was conducted by processing primary data in the form of a Likert scale questionnaire. A Likert scale of 1-5 is used to measure the level of influence of an identified factor on the incentive plan. In the process, this research uses the Factor Analysis Method with a significance level of 5% and is assisted by the application of Statistics Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) or a statistical package for social sciences to test and calculate data. Based on the research results obtained 3 dominant factors that need to be considered in the implementation of the incentive plan, in the research interview some experts agreed and disagreed with this incentive plan model for the reduction of waste material based on several considerations.ABSTRAKInsentif adalah suatu kompensasi tambahan yang diberikan dalam bentuk moneter atau nonmoneter supaya pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam suatu pekerjaan berusaha semaksimal mungkin dapat menyelesaikan pekerjaannya dengan baik tanpa mengurangi kualitas kerja. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor dominan apa saja yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam menerapkan rencana insentif dan mengetahui apakah model rencana insentif ini mempengaruhi material sisa. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengolah data primer berupa angket skala likert. Skala likert 1-5 digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat pengaruh suatu faktor yang diidetifikasi terhadap rencana insentif. Dalam pengerjaannya, penelitian ini menggunakan Metode Analisis Faktor dengan taraf signifikansi 5% dan dibantu dengan aplikasi Statistics Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) atau paket statistik untuk ilmu sosial untuk menguji dan menghitung data. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapat 3 faktor dominan yang perlu diperhatikan dalam penerapan rencana insentif, dalam wawancara penelitian terdapat ahli yang setuju dan tidak setuju dengan model rencana insentif ini untuk pengurangan material sisa berdasarkan beberapa pertimbangan.Insentif adalah suatu kompensasi tambahan yang diberikan dalam bentuk moneter atau nonmoneter supaya pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam suatu pekerjaan berusaha semaksimal mungkin dapat menyelesaikan pekerjaannya dengan baik tanpa mengurangi kualitas kerja. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor dominan apa saja yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam menerapkan rencana insentif dan mengetahui apakah model rencana insentif ini mempengaruhi material sisa. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengolah data primer berupa angket skala likert. Skala likert 1-5 digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat pengaruh suatu faktor yang diidetifikasi terhadap rencana insentif. Dalam pengerjaannya, penelitian ini menggunakan Metode Analisis Faktor dengan taraf signifikansi 5% dan dibantu dengan aplikasi Statistics Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) atau paket statistik untuk ilmu sosial untuk menguji dan menghitung data. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapat 3 faktor dominan yang perlu diperhatikan dalam penerapan rencana insentif, dalam wawancara penelitian terdapat ahli yang setuju dan tidak setuju dengan model rencana insentif ini untuk pengurangan material sisa berdasarkan beberapa pertimbangan.


Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1108
Author(s):  
Stefan Wibner ◽  
Helmut Antrekowitsch ◽  
Thomas C. Meisel

In terms of production volume, aluminium is the leading metal in non-ferrous metallurgy. In particular, the recycling of aluminium-containing residues has strongly increased in recent years and will continue to gain importance in the future. Due to the high affinity of aluminium to oxygen, the oxidation of the molten bath is unavoidable, which leads to the formation of dross on the surface. This has a high content of metallic aluminium and therefore represents a valuable residual material that must be further processed. In the presented work, a study is conducted on the formation and possible further processing of aluminium dross. Within the scope of this experimental work, the pyrometallurgical treatment of Al-dross in the salt drum furnace was evaluated on the basis of an experiment in a TBRC (top blown rotary converter) by adding a salt mixture. In addition, the behaviour of special metals, in particular the rare earth elements (REEs), was investigated during such a melting process. This knowledge will be particularly important in the future, as inadequate scrap processing leads to more of these partially valuable contaminants entering the aluminium scrap cycle. The result of the experimental study was that the metal yield of the dross used in the melting experiment at the Chair of Nonferrous Metallurgy was higher than that achieved by external reprocessing. Regarding the distribution of the rare earths, there was a direct transition of these from the dross into the emerging salt slag phase.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Lasmedi Afuan ◽  
◽  
Nofiyati Nofiyati ◽  
Nasichatul Umayah ◽  
◽  
...  

Garbage is the residual material resulting from a production process, both industry and households. Based on Brebes district's statistical data, the Paguyangan sub-district is in fourth place with an average of 249.62 m3 of garbage per day. Paguyangan is one of the villages in the Paguyangan sub-district. Paguyangan has a garbage problem where people still have the habit of throwing garbage in the river and yards around the house. Based on this, the Paguyangan Village Hall plans to build a garbage bank to overcome the problem. A garbage bank managed activities such as recording saving's transactions. This study conducted a web-based design of the Garbage Bank Information System (SIBS). SIBS is an information system used to help process garbage transactions at a garbage bank. The purpose of this SIBS is to facilitate officers and customers in processing services at the garbage bank. The methodology used in system development is the Waterfall method. SIBS development uses PHP as a programming language and MySql as the DBMS. The result of this research is an information system that can be used in the management of Waste Management transactions. The results of system testing using Black box Testing and Mean Opinion Score (MOS) obtained that all components in this system are running well according to needs.


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