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Vision ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Frances Wilkinson

While migraine auras are most frequently visual, somatosensory auras are also relatively common. Both are characterized by the spread of activation across a cortical region containing a spatial mapping of the sensory (retinal or skin) surface. When both aura types occur within a single migraine episode, they may offer an insight into the neural mechanism which underlies them. Could they both be initiated by a single neural event, or do the timing and laterality relationships between them demand multiple triggers? The observations reported here were carried out 25 years ago by a group of six individuals with migraine with aura. They timed, described and mapped their visual and somatosensory auras as they were in progress. Twenty-nine episode reports are summarized here. The temporal relationship between the onset of the two auras was quite variable within and across participants. Various forms of the cortical spreading depression hypothesis of migraine aura are evaluated in terms of whether they can account for the timing, pattern of symptom spread and laterality of the recorded auras.


2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (37) ◽  
pp. e2106080118
Author(s):  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Yaolei Zhang ◽  
Peijun Zhang ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Jiahao Wang ◽  
...  

The ancestors of marine mammals once roamed the land and independently committed to an aquatic lifestyle. These macroevolutionary transitions have intrigued scientists for centuries. Here, we generated high-quality genome assemblies of 17 marine mammals (11 cetaceans and six pinnipeds), including eight assemblies at the chromosome level. Incorporating previously published data, we reconstructed the marine mammal phylogeny and population histories and identified numerous idiosyncratic and convergent genomic variations that possibly contributed to the transition from land to water in marine mammal lineages. Genes associated with the formation of blubber (NFIA), vascular development (SEMA3E), and heat production by brown adipose tissue (UCP1) had unique changes that may contribute to marine mammal thermoregulation. We also observed many lineage-specific changes in the marine mammals, including genes associated with deep diving and navigation. Our study advances understanding of the timing, pattern, and molecular changes associated with the evolution of mammalian lineages adapting to aquatic life.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Durojaye ◽  
Kristina L. Knowles ◽  
K. Jakob Patten ◽  
Mordecai J. Garcia ◽  
Michael K. McBeath

Yorùbá dùndún drumming is an oral tradition which allows for manipulation of gliding pitch contours in ways that correspond to the differentiation of the Yorùbá linguistic tone levels. This feature enables the drum to be employed as both a musical instrument and a speech surrogate. In this study, we examined four modes of the dùndún talking drum, compared them to vocal singing and talking in the Yorùbá language, and analyzed the extent of microstructural overlap between these categories, making this study one of the first to examine the vocal surrogacy of the drum in song. We compared the fundamental frequency, timing pattern, and intensity contour of syllables from the same sample phrase recorded in the various communicative forms and we correlated each vocalization style with each of the corresponding drumming modes. We analyzed 30 spoken and sung verbal utterances and their corresponding drum and song excerpts collected from three native Yorùbá speakers and three professional dùndún drummers in Nigeria. The findings confirm that the dùndún can very accurately mimic microstructural acoustic temporal, fundamental frequency, and intensity characteristics of Yorùbá vocalization when doing so directly, and that this acoustic match systematically decreases for the drumming modes in which more musical context is specified. Our findings acoustically verify the distinction between four drumming mode categories and confirm their acoustical match to corresponding verbal modes. Understanding how musical and speech aspects interconnect in the dùndún talking drum clarifies acoustical properties that overlap between vocal utterances (speech and song) and corresponding imitations on the drum and verifies the potential functionality of speech surrogacy communications systems.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjørn-Atle Reme ◽  
Helene Lie Røhr ◽  
Morten Sæthre

We study customer inattention by utilizing a notification about a future price change in the mobile subscription market. With detailed customer-level data from a large telecom operator, together with data on prices and contracts offered by competitors, we document that the notification causes an increase in customer attention, which triggers search, plan switching, and churn. In particular, we show that the monthly propensity to churn increases by 60% (from 1% to 1.6%) among customers whose costs would decrease with the new prices. We also document an increase in churn directly after the notification, not at the time of the future price change, and argue that this timing pattern is evidence of sophisticated inattention: customers take immediate action to mitigate the impact of their own future inertia. We supplement the analysis with a survey and find supporting evidence for the important role of inattention in determining how consumers adapt to changes in the market. This paper was accepted by Eric Anderson, marketing.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Scott F Abramson ◽  
David B. Carter

Abstract Although evidence shows that territorial disputes fundamentally shape relations among states, we know surprisingly little about when territorial claims are made. We argue that revisionist states have incentives to make territorial claims when the great powers that manage the system are in crisis. We identify five main sources of systemic instability and develop measures of each of them, demonstrating that the majority of territorial claims in Europe are drawn at times when regional great powers are embroiled in crisis, for example, 1848 or 1870 during the nineteenth century. The claims that emerge at these times are not necessarily among states involved in the crises that generated turmoil (e.g., Prussia and France in 1870). We use a newly developed spatial measure of historical boundary precedents in Europe from 1650 to 1790 to demonstrate that the effect of this known spatial correlate of where claims are drawn matters only when the European system is in crisis. We further demonstrate that this claim-timing pattern is general to the global system of states. In the appendix we corroborate our explanation of our findings with a detailed case study of the territorial claims that led to the contemporary Italian state's formation.


2020 ◽  
pp. 39-41
Author(s):  
Mohan Raj ◽  
Manu Reddy. S ◽  
Kiruthika Kiruthika ◽  
Raghul Raju

Stroke is a condition that results in high mortality rates and severe disabilities. Stroke is expected to be the second most important cause of mortality worldwide by 2020. Most stroke survivors can and do experience improvements in their functional abilities, but the amount, rate, timing, pattern, type, and ultimate outcome of the improvements differ across patients and situations.1 Stroke severity and patient age are the main predictors of stroke outcome in the acute phase 2. Additional important predictors include functional status prior to stroke, presence of comorbid medical conditions, etiologies and the vascular territories affected.3


2020 ◽  
pp. 4-6
Author(s):  
Mohan Raj ◽  
Manu Reddy. S ◽  
Kiruthika Kiruthika ◽  
Raghul Raju

Stroke is a condition that results in high mortality rates and severe disabilities. Stroke is expected to be the second most important cause of mortality worldwide by 2020. Most stroke survivors can and do experience improvements in their functional abilities, but the amount, rate, timing, pattern, type, and ultimate outcome of the improvements differ across patients and situations.1 Stroke severity and patient age are the main predictors of stroke outcome in the acute phase 2. Additional important predictors include functional status prior to stroke, presence of comorbid medical conditions, etiologies and the vascular territories affected.3


2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Ladislav Karrach ◽  
Elena Pivarčiová

AbstractData Matrix codes can be a significant factor in increasing productivity and efficiency in production processes. An important point in deploying Data Matrix codes is their recognition and decoding. In this paper is presented a computationally efficient algorithm for locating Data Matrix codes in the images. Image areas that may contain the Data Matrix code are to be identified firstly. To identify these areas, the thresholding, connected components labelling and examining outer bounding-box of the continuous regions is used. Subsequently, to determine the boundaries of the Data Matrix code more precisely, we work with the difference of adjacent projections around the Finder Pattern. The dimensions of the Data Matrix code are determined by analyzing the local extremes around the Timing Pattern. We verified the proposed method on a testing set of synthetic and real scene images and compared it with the results of other open-source and commercial solutions. The proposed method has achieved better results than competitive commercial solutions.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejo Rodríguez-Cattáneo ◽  
Ana-Carolina Pereira ◽  
Pedro A. Aguilera ◽  
Ángel A. Caputi

AbstractEvaluation of neural activity during natural behaviours is essential for understanding how the brain works. Here we show that neuron-specific self-evoked firing patterns are modulated by an object’s presence, at the electrosensory lobe neurons of tethered-moving Gymnotus omarorum. This novel preparation shows that electrosensory signals in these pulse-type weakly electric fish are not only encoded in the number of spikes per electric organ discharge (EOD), as is the case in wave-type electric fish, but also in the spike timing pattern after each EOD, as found in pulse-type Mormyroidea. Present data suggest that pulsant electrogenesis and spike timing coding of electrosensory signals developed concomitantly in the same species, and evolved convergently in African and American electric fish.


2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 286-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladislav Karrach ◽  
Elena Pivarčiová ◽  
Yury Rafailovich Nikitin

Abstract Data matrix codes are two-dimensional (2D) matrix bar codes, which are the descendants of the well known 1D bar codes. However, compared to 1D bar codes, they allow to store much more information in the same area. Comparing data matrix codes with QR codes, for example, we find them much more effective in marking small objects or in the case that you have only a very small area for placing a code in. Their capacity and ability of decoding also a code that is partly damaged make them an appropriate solution for industrial applications. In the following paper we compare the impact of various cameras on the detection and decoding of data matrix codes in real scene images. The location of the code is based on the fact that typical bordering of a data matrix code forms a region of connected points which create “L”, the so-called finder pattern, and the parallel dotting, the so-called timing pattern. In the first step, we try to locate the finder pattern using adaptive thresholding and connecting neighbouring points to continuous regions. Then we search for the regions where 3 outer boundary points form a isosceles right triangle that could represent the finder pattern. In the second step, we have to verify the timing pattern. We look for an even number of crossings between the background and foreground. Experimental results show that the algorithm we have proposed provides better results than competitive solutions.


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