Consistent changes in the intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon fed insect meal diets

Background Being part of fish's natural diets, insects have become a practical alternative feed ingredient for aquaculture. While nutritional values of insects have been extensively studied in various fish species, their impact on the fish microbiota remains to be fully explored. In an 8-week freshwater feeding trial, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed either a commercially relevant reference diet or an insect meal diet wherein black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal comprised 60% of total ingredients. Microbiota of digesta and mucosa origin from the proximal and distal intestine were collected and profiled along with feed and water samples. Results The insect meal diet markedly modulated the salmon intestinal microbiota. Salmon fed the insect meal diet showed similar or lower alpha-diversity indices in the digesta but higher alpha-diversity indices in the mucosa. A group of bacterial genera, dominated by members of the Bacillaceae family, was enriched in salmon fed the insect meal diet, which confirms our previous findings in a seawater feeding trial. We also found that microbiota in the intestine closely resembled that of the feeds but was distinct from the water microbiota. Notably, bacterial genera associated with the diet effects were also present in the feeds. Conclusions We conclude that salmon fed the insect meal diets show consistent changes in the intestinal microbiota. The next challenge is to evaluate the extent to which these alterations are attributable to feed microbiota and dietary nutrients, and what these changes mean for fish physiology and health.

THE STABILITY OF A FREELY FLOATING SHIP

The paper presents the problem of calculating the righting arms (GZ-curve) for a freely floating ship, longitudinally bal- anced at each heel angle. In such cases the GZ-curve is ambiguous, as it depends on the way the ship is balanced. Three cases are discussed: when the ship is balanced by rotating her around the trace of water in the midships, around a normal to the ship plane of symmetry (PS), and around a normal to the initial waterplane, fixed to the ship, identical with the curve of minimum stability. In all these cases the direction of the righting moment in space and area under the GZ-curves, which is the lowest possible, are preserved. Angular displacements (heel and trim) are the Euler's angles related to the relevant reference axis. The most important features of the GZ-curve with free trim are provided. Exemplary calculations illustrate how the way of balancing affects the GZ-curves.

Why-questions and focus in Italian

In this study we argue that the appropriateness of an answer to a why-question, potentially bearing on multiple contrast classes, is mainly influenced by the focalized argument, which identifies the relevant reference set. The focalization structure, however, interacts in a non-trivial way with the thematic structure and its accessibility, suggesting a general (independent) prominence of the direct object (DO) over the indirect one (IO). In correlation to that, we also observed that DO appears more resistant to extraction compared to IO, while it seems felicitous in a post-IO focalized low position (light NP-shifting). These contrasts are obtained by running five distinct experiments in Italian targeting various dislocation configurations: Four forced choice tasks manipulating leftward dislocation (i) clefting versus (ii) fronting versus (iii) clitic left dislocation and (iv) postverbal reordering (canonical DO IO order vs. IO DO) in ditransitive predicates. Then (v) an acceptability judgment study was administered to assess the difficulty in figuring out a licensing context coherent with the argument ordering, provided in the why-question. To minimize the interacting factors, all sentences included null subjects and a context was provided for each experimental item in the forced choice tasks, introducing the relevant contrast classes.

The Persistence of National Victimhood: Bosniak Post-War Memory Politics of the Srebrenica Mass Killings

The Persistence of National Victimhood: Bosniak Post-War Memory Politics of the Srebrenica Mass KillingsThis article reveals the origins of the radicalisation of memory politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the year 2010. It shows that the radicalisation in the public sphere of Bosnia and Herzegovina was eventually possible due to the long-term persistence of the nationalist commemorative strategy, rooted in the dialectic mechanism of consolidating and antagonising relevant reference groups, and responsible for structuring the national memories of the last war according to an exclusivist martyrological model. Based on the example of Bosniak post-war memory politics regarding the Srebrenica mass killings, the study describes a more universal political mechanism, one characteristic also of the post-war Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat nationalist factions. Trwałość martyrologii narodowej. Boszniacka powojenna polityka pamięci o masowych morderstwach w SrebrenicyArtykuł odsłania źródła radykalizacji polityki pamięci w Bośni i Hercegowinie po 2010 roku. Pokazuje, że radykalizacja ta była możliwa dzięki długotrwałemu utrzymywaniu się w sferze publicznej Bośni i Hercegowiny nacjonalistycznej strategii komemoratywnej, która była odpowiedzialna za strukturyzację narodowej pamięci o ostatniej wojnie według ekskluzywistycznego modelu martyrologicznego oraz zakorzeniona w dialektycznym mechanizmie konsolidacji i antagonizowania odpowiednich grup odniesienia. Na przykładzie powojennej boszniackiej polityki pamięci dotyczącej masowych morderstw w Srebrenicy opisany został bardziej uniwersalny mechanizm polityczny, charakterystyczny także dla powojennych polityk pamięci prowadzonych przez nacjonalistyczne elity bośniackich Serbów i bośniackich Chorwatów.

Design and Physical Detection of Bridge Tower and Externally Prestressing Cable for Existing Bridge Strengthened by A Cable-Stayed System

With the continuous development of economy, the increasing traffic volume has brought greater burden to highway bridges. In this paper, a Yellow River Bridge is taken as an example. The cracking and deflection of the box girder of the main bridge have affected the structural performance requirements of the bridge operation. Based on this situation, the cable-stayed system is used to reinforce the bridge, and the construction process of bridge tower, cable saddle, steel anchor box and external beam is described in detail. The theoretical calculation and practice show that this method can effectively strengthen the bridge structure, and the cable-stayed system reinforcement method, as a mature, reasonable and operable construction technology, provides relevant reference for the reinforcement research of similar bridges.

Gender-specific reference intervals for serum prolactin concentrations before and after precipitation by polyethylene glycol

Prolactin, a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary, exists in three major forms in circulation. The macroprolactin form is biologically inactive but contributes to elevated serum prolactin concentrations. Precipitation of macroprolactin by polyethylene glycol (PEG) is widely used in clinical laboratories for the screening of macroprolactin. The aim of this study was two-fold. Firstly, we sought to establish locally relevant reference intervals for serum prolactin and post-PEG precipitation prolactin concentrations in both genders on the Roche Cobas Prolactin II electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Secondly, the prolactin concentrations after precipitation by PEG dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (post-PEG(PBS)) were compared with those after precipitation by PEG dissolved in deionised water (PEG(diH2O)). Prolactin concentrations were measured by using the Prolactin Gen II assay on a Roche Cobas e601 analyser. Recoveries of prolactin after precipitation by PEG in PBS and PEG in diH2O were 64.7%–115.8% and 60.9–100.8%, respectively. Post-PEG (PBS) prolactin concentrations were not statistically different from post-PEG (diH2O) prolactin concentrations in either gender.

Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Etomidate on Intraoperative Wake-Up Equality, Hemodynamics, and Cerebral Protection in Operation of the Brain Functional Area

In recent years, with the increasing incidence of brain functional area tumors, the clinical application of functional area tumor resection has become extremely urgent. Intraoperative wake-up is an important auxiliary method of this operation, which can effectively reduce the damage of the brain function area caused by the operation and anesthesia itself while playing the role of auxiliary function area and tumor positioning. However, the intraoperative wake-up requires a higher anesthesia effect, so higher requirements are put forward for the choice of anesthetic drugs. Based on hemodynamic and serum molecular observations, this study found that dexmedetomidine- and etomidate-assisted anesthesia were used for intraoperative wake-up in brain functional area surgery, both of which could maintain hemodynamic stability. In addition, the arousal effect and brain protection of dexmedetomidine were better than those of etomidate, and the incidence of adverse reactions was lower during the arousal period. This can provide relevant reference for clinical improvement of the anesthesia effect and surgical safety of intraoperative wake-up.

Consistent changes in the intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon fed insect meal diets

Background: Being part of fish's natural diets, insects have become a realistic, sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture. While nutritional values of insects have been extensively studied in various fish species, their impact on the fish microbiota remains to be fully explored. In an 8-week freshwater feeding trial, Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) were fed either a commercially relevant reference diet or an insect meal diet wherein black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens ) larvae meal comprised 60% of total ingredients. Microbiota of digesta and mucosa origin from the proximal and distal intestine were collected and profiled along with feed and water samples. Results: The insect meal diet markedly modulated the salmon intestinal microbiota. Overall, the microbial diversity was lower in the digesta of salmon fed the insect meal diet but higher in the mucosa. A group of bacterial genera, dominated by members of the Bacillaceae family, was enriched in salmon fed the insect meal diet, which confirms our previous findings in a seawater feeding trial. We also found that microbiota in the intestine closely resembled that of the feeds but was distinct from the water microbiota. Notably, bacterial genera associated with the diet effects were also present in the feeds. Conclusions: We conclude that salmon fed the insect meal diets show consistent changes in the intestinal microbiota. The next challenge is to evaluate the extent to which these alterations are attributable to feed microbiota and dietary nutrients and what these changes mean for fish physiology and health.

Overview of Research on Skeletal System And The Related Functional Structures Based on Evolutionary Medicine

The combination of evolutionary medicine and biomedicine is a breakthrough development direction in the field of medical research in recent years, and the connection between the occurrence and development of diseases of the skeletal system and its related functional structures and biological evolution has been a topic of discussion and research. In this paper, we systematically summarize the relevant domestic and foreign literature in this field over the past few years, from the theory of Darwinian medicine, clarify the research ideas of domestic and foreign scholars on the combination of diseases of the skeletal system and evolutionary medicine, review the mechanisms of related diseases that have been revealed, clarify the unique ideas of the current research methods and theories of scholars in this field that are different from traditional science, and then propose relevant reference theories for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the skeletal system. We will present the relevant referential theories for the clinical management of skeletal system diseases to provide reference for further research.