Problems of biotic and landscape diversity conservation in the Ukrainian Carpathians highlands

Introduction. The highlands of the Ukrainian Carpathians belong to the territories with the highest concentration of rare species and coenotic diversity in Ukraine. Due to highland ecosystem transformation, a large number of populations and communities of rare species are under the threat of degradation and elimination. Climate change. At present, effective growth and development of plants begins 2–3 weeks earlier compared to the 1980–90s. Sharp seasonal distribution of precipitation causes negative changes in the highland water-body hydrology regime affecting freshwater populations of plankton crustaceans and amphibians. Demutative successions. During the first 10–20 years of the succession its influence on the structure and vitality of the majority of rare species populations is mostly positive, but 30–40 year-long demutations usually cause negative dynamics. Overgro­wing results in the simplification of spatial structure and fragmentation, as well as decreasing of population density, disappearing of rare species from the community structure. Active protection measures should be locally implemented in protected territories: traditional type of grazing, mowing, and shrub or tree cutting in the cases of protection of extremely rare phytocoenoses and populations. Anthropogenic impact. Intensive recreation pressure causes digressive changes in numerous communities, which are located along the popular tourist paths to the glacial lakes, mountain summits etc. Unfortunately, the systematic violation of the protection regime in the highland zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians is obvious nowadays. Gathering medicinal and ornamental species poses a serious threat. Uncontrolled increase in the number of recreants in the highland areas for the last 5 years has destroyed its aquatic ecosystems more than in the previous 30–40 years. Usage of vehicles for recreation purposes (4×4, quads and motorcycles) refers to significant destructive factors for highland ecosystems. Protection measures. Population conservation and revival of communities is usually possible under the condition of moderate and short-term anthropogenic pressure. The visiting regime of the most popular highland sites must be put under control immediately, while mass ascensions must be completely forbidden.

ACTIVE PROTECTION METHOD FOR POWER SUPPLY OF MICROPROCESSOR COMPLEXES OF RAILWAY AUTOMATION AND REMOTE CONTROL

The article discusses the issues of increasing the reliability, safety, and survivability of power supply for railway automation and remote control devices. The authors have analyzed failures in the automation and remote control facilities in recent years, estimated the proportion of device failures due to lightning overvoltages, and highlighted an upward trend in the railway automation and remote control failures due to switching and lightning overvoltages. The design of modern uninterruptible power supply devices is provided with a description of the main structural units. Methods are proposed for the implementation of active protection for power supply of railway automation and remote control by introducing the thunderstorm locating functionality into the technical diagnostics and monitoring system. This solution will enable registration of hazardous thunderstorm activity and maintaining the devices’ serviceability and effi ciency, and will ensure the continuity and safety of the transportation process, which will help reduce damage incurred due to hazardous electromagnetic eff ects, including lightning overvoltages. The article suggests synchronizing the thunderstorm location system with the existing lightning detection networks through the Internet, a global computer network, as well as the option of installing a single-point lightning detector at an electrical interlocking post.

Numerical Simulation and Active Protection of Lightning Discharge Based on Quantum Heuristic Evolutionary Algorithm

Thunder is a discharge phenomenon that often occurs in nature. Due to its physical influences such as strong current, high temperature, strong shock waves, strong electromagnetic radiation, etc., it has a huge destructive effect instantly, which may bring serious threats to people's lives and property safety. This paper aims to study the lightning discharge numerical simulation and active protection based on the quantum heuristic evolutionary algorithm, and proposes to apply the lightning discharge numerical simulation to the prevention of lightning disasters. This article gives a detailed description of the quantum algorithm, the generation and harm of lightning discharge. In addition, this article conducts related experiments on lightning discharge numerical simulation and active protection. The experimental results show that targeted active protection and effective numerical simulation are important measures to prevent lightning disasters. Active lightning protection measures can reduce lightning by 30%. Losses caused by disasters.

Modelling of the anti-tank guided missile scattering field and radar performance evaluation in terms of missile detection

The study presents the results achieved in an analysis of the variation of the level of an echo signal generated by the FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missile, received by the active protection system radar with consideration given to the target attack flight profile. For our study, we use the results of modelling of the missile’s scattering field at frequencies of 1, 3, 6, and 10 GHz using the Altair FEKO CAD suite. According to estimated data, a radar using the frequency-modulated signal and operating at a medium radiation power of up to 1 W is able to detect a missile at a distance of at least 1,000 m. The results show that a combination of low power and a continuous broadband signal (100…150 MHz) along with coherent integration to units of seconds ensures concealed operations of the active protection system radar (estimated range of its radiation detection by a reconnaissance radar is not greater than 10 km).

Sacrificial Protection Efficiency Calculations Based on the Results of Stochastically Simulating the Parameters

Unique corrosion conditions in oil refining processes lead to the necessity of using passive and active protection systems, aimed at preventing from damages and ensuring the correct operating conditions of machines. To prevent from the development of corrosion processes on the internal surfaces of horizontal settlers, sacrificial protection is used. Before installing such a protection, they usually calculate the number of protectors to be installed in parallel. Some inputs are stochastic by their nature, which should be considered in assessing the risk of non-achieving the required protection level. The probabilistic model proposed to calculate the parameters of sacrificial tank protection that allows performing an exploratory design based on considering various environmental aspects to decide on the efficiency of sacrificial protection and to assess the achievement of the required protection level.