Trust in Medicine as a Factor Conditioning Behaviors Recommended by Healthcare Experts during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland

Objective: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, public health experts have faced the challenge of convincing people to change their everyday habits. This study aims to evaluate the impact of trust in medicine on Polish citizens’ adherence to recommended behaviors. Methods: An online survey was conducted on a quota sample of adult Poles (n = 1072) during the second wave of COVID-19. Results: The trust-in-medicine index was created from statements relating to trust in healthcare professionals, vaccines, and medicines. This index showed that 27.1% of respondents expressed low trust, 36.7% expressed moderate trust, and 36.3% expressed high trust. The recommended behavior index was created from nine statements. This index showed that 15.8% of respondents had low adherence, 38.2% had moderate adherence, and 46.0% had high adherence to the healthcare experts’ recommendations. One-way analysis of variance showed that people with a high trust had significantly higher scores on the recommended behavior index when compared to people with a moderate or low trust. Conclusions: This study suggests that those responsible for health policy should put more effort into building trust not only in health professionals, but also in pharmaceutical companies. We also determined the socio-demographic features of people to whom such actions of trust building should be directed.

Disambiguating language attitudes held towards sociodemographic groups and geographic areas in South East England

Using a novel, digitized method, this paper investigates the language attitudes of 18- to 33-year-olds in South East England. More broadly, this paper demonstrates that disambiguating the language attitudes held towards sociodemographic groups and geographic areas is paramount to understanding the configuration of language attitudes in an area, particularly for areas with high cultural and linguistic heterogeneity. A total of 194 respondents evaluated the speech of 102 other south-eastern speakers. Results reveal an imperfect mapping between language attitudes held towards geographic areas and speakers from these areas. Although East London and Essex are the most negatively evaluated areas, speakers’ demographic and identity data is the primary factor conditioning language attitudes. Across South East England, working-class and/or ethnic minority speakers, as well as those who identify their accent in geographically marked terms, are evaluated most negatively, which is compounded if they are from East London or Essex.

Dynamic changes in the lower Gállego River (Ebro Basin, NE Spain) and their relationship with anthropic activities and the quaternary substrate

The lower Gállego River has been strongly degraded since the 1960s due to human activity (gravel mining, dump accumulation, channeling works), which has produced a deep channel incision. Although these human-driven processes are usually reported in fluvial bibliography, in this case, more complex results are observable. For instance, regarding the depth and incision rates, we observed no relationship between the most anthropically impacted areas and the sections with the deepest incisions; moreover, the deepening process continues 40 years after the human interventions ceased. The reason for this maladjustment is the role played by the exhumation of the underlying Pleistocene substrate, affected by the synsedimentary processes of karstification. The appearance of paleodolines filled with fine sediments on the incision bottom and sides is the main factor conditioning the continuity and magnitude of the process. Besides, these paleodepressions direct the river dynamics and course, thus favoring its widening when they appear and causing the development of a new riverbed (Qt13) while the 1960s floodplain (Qt12) is becoming an old terrace located between 5 and 11 m above the new alluvial bottom. There are no previous records about this kind of consequences in the regional fluvial dynamics.

Observing variation and change in Ontario French through internal, external and identity factors

ABSTRACT In this article, we present the results of an analysis of variation, whose main objectives are to ascertain the ethnocultural identities speakers declare and to measure the impact of internal, external and identity factors on the use of the connectors of consequence (ça) fait que vs donc vs alors vs so. Our research emphasizes that while there is no consensus as to the terminology chosen to express these identities, it is important to consider ethnocultural identities as a complementary factor conditioning linguistic variation. It also demonstrates that for communities whose linguistic practices and norms straddle those of minority- and majority-French language communities, the minority/majority dichotomy needs to be nuanced, according to the social and ethnocultural identity dynamics that may characterize specific communities.

The Importance of Trust in Knowledge Sharing and the Efficiency of Doing Business on the Example of Tourism

The ability to share knowledge in an organization may determine its success. Knowledge is one of the basic resources of an enterprise, being also the basis for undertaking various types of strategic actions. Knowledge management should be focused in the organization on such processing of all available information to lead to the creation of value defined by employees of the organization and by customers. In order to raise the issue of knowledge sharing, trust should be mentioned. Trust is a factor conditioning effective atmosphere and cooperation in an organization. The main purpose of the article is to present the relationship between trust and knowledge sharing, taking into account the importance of this issue in the efficiency of doing business. To formulate conclusions, data from surveys carried out in 148 different tourist facilities were used. Data were collected by applying the diagnostic survey method and by using a survey technique based on a prepared questionnaire. The results showed that trust is important in sharing knowledge and was found to play an important role in achieving a high level of performance efficiency. The study consists of an introduction, literature review, research results and discussion of results. At the end of the article, conclusions, restrictions and recommendations for future research are presented.

An activity theory approach to the contextualization mechanism of language use

Contextualization is a widely-discussed topic in the field of linguistics. Although it is generally agreed that contextualization is a dynamic process of interaction among the heterogeneous contextual factors, one still lacks a coherent explanation of how the interactions enable a language user to construct a meaningful text/utterance. From an Activity Theory perspective, language use can be termed as a rule-governed activity. The activity itself is the context of a subject’s decision-making, and contextualization is nothing but the actualization process of a language use activity. During the process, the subject strategizes her/his linguistic choice to build the textual outcome in light of the hierarchical text functions, namely, the conventionalized and situational functions of prospective text (at the higher strata), which respectively embody the social-cultural and situational factors constraining her/his actions, and the conventional function of textual tools (at the basic stratum), a foremost factor conditioning her/his operation. When there are contradictions among these functions, the subject needs to prioritize the one at a higher stratum. This can be exemplified by three typical cases of language use: translation, pseudo-translation and self-translation.

Roofing tiles or slates? A network analysis of factors influencing architect choice

Tiles and slates are the two most commonly used roofing materials worldwide, yet many customers and construction professionals are frequently unsure about which product to choose. In this article, a network analysis based on a Bayesian machine learning approach was used to identify which are the main factors and how they influence architect decision about roofing tiles or slates. For that, the information collected from a survey conducted to 429 architects working in the Spanish construction sector was used to create a Bayesian network model that represents the conditional dependencies of the variables considered when the decision is taken. The results obtained allow to unveil aesthetic as the main factor conditioning architect decision for roofing tiles. In turn, the decision is more complex when roofing slates, since architects apart from the price they strongly considered the ability of installers in the decision process.

WATER COMPOSITION ASSESMENT FROM THE WATER SUPPLY AND MINERAL WATER

Water is a key factor conditioning our lives and the minerals dissolved in it are one of the main sources of supplementing their deficiency. Water makes up about 60% of the body weight of an adult human, while the human body does not store water, which is why it is very important to permanently refill it. Without water, it would be impossible to have many processes in the body such as digestion, regulation of body temperature, proper mobility of joints or intrabody transport of nutrients and metabolic products. Water supplied to the body comes mainly from two distribution channels, as bottled water or water from the water conduit. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the consumption of bottled water, which is the result of ubiquitous advertising of drinking water in this form. However, there is a group of consumers who drink tap water. The aim of the work was to compare the content of selected minerals in botteled waters purchased in stores and water from the water supply network. An attempt was made to answer the question whether the incurring of higher costs for the purchase of bottled water is justified in order to satisfy the body's needs for minerals or perhaps tap water meets these needs to a similar degree. Comparison of the content of selected mineral components in tap water and bottled water shows that in most cases tap water is not inferior to the content of the determined minerals in bottled water.

Partitive subjects in Estonian dialects

Nominative-partitive alternation in subject marking in Estonian occurs mainly in existentials and related constructions. The paper measures the overall frequency of use of partitive subjects (PS) in Estonian dialects to explore whether differences are found, which can be explained by language contacts. Second, it provides an overview of constructions where PSs occur in Estonian dialects. The data is obtained from the Corpus of Estonian Dialects (12 subdialects, 1517 instances of PS usage). The results show that in usage frequency of PSs, Estonian dialects are relatively uniform and there are no striking differences between the dialects. The use of PSs was less frequent in Northern-Seto (a South-Estonian subdialect, in the Russian contact area), where the use of PSs is more tightly associated with negative clauses than it is in other dialects. Negation is also generally the most powerful factor conditioning the use of PSs (explains 52% of the usages of PSs).Kokkuvõte. Liina Lindström: Partitiivsubjekt eesti murretes. Nominatiivipartitiivi vaheldumine subjekti markeerimisel toimub eesti keeles peamiselt eksitentsiaallausetes ja sellega sarnastes konstruktsioonides. Artiklis mõõdetakse partitiivsubjekti esinemissagedust eesti murretes, et leida, kas murrete vahel on olulisi erinevusi partiivsubjekti kasutamisel, ja kas neid erinevusi saab selgitada keelekontaktide mõjuga. Lisaks vaadeldakse konstruktsioone, kus partitiivsubjekt üldse võib esineda. Andmed on pärit eesti murrete korpusest (12 eri murrakut, kokku 1517 partitiivsubjekti kasutusjuhtu). Artiklist selgub, et partitiivsubjekti kasutuse põhjal on eesti murded küllalt sarnased. Pisut vähem kasutati partitiivsubjekti Põhja-Seto tekstides, kus see oli tugevamalt seotud eitusega kui mujal. Eitus oli ka üldiselt kõige olulisem partitiivsubjekti kasutamist mõjutav tegur (52% partitiivsubjektiga lausetest olid eitavad).Võtmesõnad: murdesüntaks; partitiivsubjekt; eristav subjekti markeerimine; eesti murded