The Special Apparatus (al-Niẓām al-Khāṣṣ): The Rise of Nationalist Militancy in the Ranks of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood

Existing scholarship has largely focused on the role of Sayyid Qutb’s ideas when analyzing the Muslim Brotherhood’s violent history. Perceiving Qutb’s ideas as paving the way for radical interpretations of jihad, many studies linked the Brotherhood’s violent history with this key ideologue. Yet, in so doing, many studies overlooked the importance of the Special Apparatus in shaping this violent history of the Brotherhood, long before Qutb joined the organization. Through an in-depth study of memoires and accounts penned by Brotherhood members and leaders, and a systematic study of British and American intelligence sources, I attempt to shed light on this understudied formation of the Brotherhood, the Special Apparatus. This paper looks at the development of anti-colonial militancy in Egypt, particularly the part played by the Brotherhood until 1954. It contends that political violence, in the context of British colonization, antedated the Brotherhood’s foundation, and was in some instances considered as a legitimate and even distinguished duty among anti-colonial factions. The application of violence was on no account a part of the Brotherhood’s core strategy, but the organization, nevertheless, established an armed and secret wing tasked with the fulfillment of what a segment of its members perceived as the duty of anti-colonial jihad.

Development of Technology for Producing Stable Composite Fuels from Carbon

The subject of this research is the process of obtaining stable composite fuel (CF) from hydrocarbons. The purpose of the work is to develop a technology for obtaining a stable composite fuel from hydrocarbons with the effect of cavitation. Cavitation of water in the making of CF has a positive effect contributing to the appearance of reactive radical particles. The obtained stable CF consists of 50% gasoline, 49% water, 1% potassium permanganate. As a result, a technology was developed for obtaining a stable CF, a special apparatus for the preparation and combustion of composite fuels with a spiral heater-burner was developed. It has been determined that during combustion, potassium permanganate increases the oxygen balance of the solution.

Criteria models for security management of intersystem interactions of critical infrastructures in urbanized territories.

The paper considers the features of using criteria models in security management of intersystem interactions of critical infrastructures. Criteria-based modeling and evaluation of criteria-based risks prevent cognitive distortions, biases and errors in the assessment of the state of security and the presence of possible vulnerabilities in critical infrastructures of urbanized areas. Within the framework of the presented approach, the combined use of apparatus of the set theory and the developed special apparatus of criteria-based modeling is proposed. Examples of solving practical problems of security control with the use of constantly developing and improving, in 102the course of research, software systems for automating the application of criteria modeling for security management in urban areas are given.

Selection of UUV Type ROV Equipment and Cooperation System with USV "Edredon" in Protection Tasks of Ports and Critical Objects

The article presents some of the problems associated with the use of an unmanned underwater vehicle type ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) to cooperate with the USV (Unmanned Surface Vehicle) "Edredon" carrying out tasks related to the perimetric protection of seaports infrastructure and critical objects. The system remote control of the underwater vehicle, requires the appropriate structure of the system ensuring the cooperation of both vehicles and the selection of the special apparatus mounted on the ROV. The tasks carried out by the both vehicles have a very high impact on the hardware solutions and cooperation of USV with an unmanned underwater vehicle.

Factors of esthetic preference, space and forms

Why does the the man feel more comfortable in some surroundings than in some other and what is there in the surroundings and in a the man that causes that state of his spirit? It is obvious that one`s reactions to surroundings are reflexive and uncontrolled, yet they happen according to certain patterns. To adjust to his natural surroundings as much as he can, during evolution the the man developed mechanisms (intuitive reactions) that made it possible for him to react to the changes in his environment much faster and more effectively, which was of the key importance for survival. By developing intuitive reactions to surroundings, the the man acquired a special apparatus through which he sees much more in his surroundings than he is aware. Esthetic reactions and esthetic preferences make a part of that apparatus and they have an adaptive role. Thanks to rewarding certain behaviors with comfortable feelings, elements and physical characteristics (compositions, relationships) useful for survival that the man notices in his surrounding have become beautiful to him. Evolutionary psychology, psychology, esthetics and neuroesthetics all research why and how the the man reacts to certain physical characteristics of the surroundings. The goal of this research is to check if the the man notices elements and relations from natural surroundings in architectural space, since evolution ?taught? him that he needs them for survival. It also aims to check how the the man reacts to the preferred shapes, relations, and compositions from natural surroundings when they are found in architectural space and to check factors that influence esthetic preferences. Discoveries of esthetic reactions, esthetic preference and evolutionary base of those reactions can be applied in architecture in order to create space and shapes that are customized for the the man.

Templates as the interaction of recursive word structure and prosodic well-formedness

Templatic morphology involves the appearance of a fixed shape on a morpheme in a specific morphological context. This paper makes two claims: the morphological context of a template is syntactically cyclic, resulting in recursive prosodic word structure, and the shape of a template results from prosodic well-formedness conditions on the internal prosodic word. Templatic morphology in Chukchansi Yokuts illustrates these claims: affixes that trigger templates transfer the root to the phonology before other material is transferred, so that the root forms a prosodic word which is internal to the whole word. Roots with one underlying vowel are augmented to meet a disyllabic minimality requirement on prosodic words; the resulting disyllable forms a light–heavy iamb, to optimally satisfy Chukchansi parsing requirements. Templatic morphology falls out from the predictable interaction of the syntax–phonology interface and general phonological properties of a language, and needs no special apparatus or diacritics.

Laparoscopic Management of a Frameless Intrauterine Device-GyneFix embedded in the Mesentery of the Ileum

<p>GyneFix® is a small, frameless, armless, flexible intrauterine device. The proximal end contains a knot that is anchored in the uterine fundus using a special apparatus. A 31-year-old woman presented with abdominal cramps ten days after GyneFix® insertion. Transvaginal ultrasonography was unsuccessful in locating the intrauterine device therefore a direct X-ray sonogram of the abdomen while standing was performed. The X-ray sonogram of the abdomen showed the intrauterine device in the right quadrant. An exploratory laparoscopy was performed and showed that the intrauterine device perforated the uterine fundus and was embedded in the mesentery of the ileum. The intrauterine device was removed without complication. Although the reported complication rates are very low for GyneFix®, practitioners should be well trained and should be aware of such complications that could lead to bowel resection. We report the first case of a GyneFix®- Intrauterine device presenting with uterine perforation and nearly intestinal perforation since its recent introduction into the Turkish market.<br /><br /></p>