Tuberculosis in goats in Benoue area of North Cameroon: Prevalence, diagnostic performance of intradermal tuberculin skin test and zoonotic risk factors

Tuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium bovis is a wasting disease of animals with severe public health significance. Though widely diagnosed in cattle and the performance of Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) at different cut-off points compared in various environmental conditions, there is dearth of information with respect to TB in goats in Cameroon. This study estimated the prevalence of bovine TB in goats in Benuoe area of Cameroon, based on the performance of TST against detection of tuberculous-like lesions and acid-fast bacilli as gold tests. The study detected goat TB based on tuberculous-like lesions (27.87%), acid-fast bacilli (3.29%); and bovine TB positive reactions (12.28%, 95%CI: 9.19–15.95), (8.95%, 95%CI: 6.31–12.23) and (5.37%, 95%CI: 3.36–8.09) at Single intradermal cervical tuberculin (SICT) ≥2.5mm, ≥3mm, and ≥4mm and (2.30%, 95%CI: 1.06–4.32), (1.79%, 95%CI: 0.72–3.65) and (1.02%, 95%CI: 0.28– 2.60) at Single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) ≥2mm, ≥3mm, and ≥4mm cut-off points, respectively. SICT and SICCT sensitivity (11.76%) against detection of tuberculous-like lesions was significantly lower [p<0.05] with slight agreements [Kappa=0.161] compared to sensitivity (100%) and perfect agreements [Kappa=1.00] against detection of acid-fast bacilli at these cut-offs. The Bayesian model revealed a goat TB prevalence of 18.41% (95%CI: 11.73–27.00) using SICT and 4.28 (95%CI: 1.26–8.60) using SICCT with the performance characteristic being higher for SICT than SICCT at ≥2mm cut-off. However, two-graph ROC (TG-ROC) analysis revealed that the optimal goat TB diagnosis with SICCT was at ≥2mm cut-off point. Many goat handlers were aware of health hazards of zoonotic TB but ignorant about goat TB and its possible zoonotic transmission to humans. The study reports the first comparative tuberculin skin test of goats in Benoue area of North-Cameroon and confirmed that zoonotic TB is a neglected health and production problem of goats in Cameroon that needs further investigated.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practical Using of Filtration Tool in Woman Farmer Group at Tanjung Mas Semarang

The Tunas Bahagia farmer woman group in RW 9 Tanjung Mas Village is on of the which is still acute in house in produces area provides food production. Problem with KWT, lack of close water sources and improve the quality of water sources for irrigationon agricultural land. Group knowledge some of the woman farmers do not understand about the content of the media and the placement of the filtration device, group attitude women against filtration devices have shown positive and participants can practice the tools. Fitration on the land area of the female farmer group is very good. It is necessary to have education in a sustainable manner for the use of filtration equipment in addition to watering can also used for household needs. Empowerment of women farmer group is also important improved.

An Optimization Tool for Production Planning: A Case Study in a Textile Industry

The textile industry is an important sector of the Brazilian economy, being considered the fifth largest textile industry in the world. To support further growth and development in this sector, this document proposes a process for production analysis through the use of Discrete Event Simulation (DES) and optimization through genetic algorithms. The focus is on production planning for weaving processes and optimization to help make decisions about batch sizing and production scheduling activities. In addition, the correlations between some current technological trends and their implications for the textile industry are also highlighted. Another important contribution of this study is to detail the use of the commercial software Tecnomatix Plant Simulation 13®, to simulate and optimize a production problem by applying genetic algorithms with real production data.

Model Predictive Control for Flexible Job Shop Scheduling in Industry 4.0

In the context of Industry 4.0, flexible manufacturing systems play an important role. They are designed to provide the possibility to adapt the production process by reacting to changes and enabling customer specific products. The versatility of such manufacturing systems, however, also needs to be exploited by advanced control strategies. To this end, we present a novel scheduling scheme that is able to flexibly react to changes in the manufacturing system by means of Model Predictive Control (MPC). To introduce flexibility from the start, the initial scheduling problem, which is very general and covers a variety of special cases, is formulated in a modular way. This modularity is then preserved during an automatic transformation into a Petri Net formulation, which constitutes the basis for the two presented MPC schemes. We prove that both schemes are guaranteed to complete the production problem in closed loop when reasonable assumptions are fulfilled. The advantages of the presented control framework for flexible manufacturing systems are that it covers a wide variety of scheduling problems, that it is able to exploit the available flexibility of the manufacturing system, and that it allows to prove the completion of the production problem.

Taming the Monster: Arresting Excessive Sand Production Problem in ARAMU037

Chemical Sand Consolidation (SCON) has been used as a means of downhole sand control in Niger Delta since the early 70s. The countries where SCON has been used include Nigeria (Niger Delta), Gabon (Gamba) and UK (North Sea). SCON provides grain-to-grain cementation and locks formation fines in place through the process of adsorption of the sand grains and subsequent polymerization of the resin at elevated well temperatures. The polymerized resin serves to consolidate the surfaces of the sand grain while retaining permeability through the pore spaces. In a typical Niger Delta asset, over 30% of the wells may be completed with SCON. A high percentage are still producing without failure since installation from1970s. Where the original SCON jobs have failed, re-consolidation has also been carried out successfully. Chemical Sand Consolidation development has evolved over the years from: Eposand 112A and B, Eposand 212A and B, Wellfix 2000, Wellfix 3000, Sandstop (resin based), Sandtrap 225, 350 & 500 (resin based) and lately Sandtrap 225,350, 500 (solvent based) and Sandtrap ABC (aqueous based). There have been mixed results experienced with the deployment of either of the latest recipes of SCON. This was due to the fact that the conventional deployment work procedure was followed with the tendency for one-size-fits-all approach to the treatment. This paper details the challenges faced with sand production in ARAMU037, the previous interventions and how an integrated approach to the design and delivery of the most recent intervention restored the way to normal production. The well has now produced for about 2 years with minimal interruption with the activity paying out in less than 6 months. The paper also recommends the best practice for remedial sand control especially for wells in mature assets.

TWO-STAGE DEGRADATION OF SOLID ORGANIC WASTE AND LIQUID FILTRATE

The accumulation of solid and liquid organic waste requires their treatment to develop energy biotechnologies and prevent environment pollution. Aim. The goal of the work was to study the efficiency of the purification of the filtrate from dissolved organic compounds by aerobic oxidation and methane fermentation. Methods. The standard methods were used to determine рН and redox potential (Eh), the gas composition, the content of short-chain fatty acids, the concentration of dissolved organic compounds counting to the total сarbon. The efficiency of two types of microbial metabolism for the degradation of soluble organic compounds of filtrate was compared. Results. The aerobic oxidation was established to provide 1.9 times more efficient removal of dissolved organic compounds, compared with the anaerobic methane fermentation. However, it provided CH4 yield 1 L/dm3 of filtrate (сarbon concentration — 1071 mg/L). The necessity to optimize the methods for purifying filtrate to increase the efficiency of the process was determined. Conclusions. The obtained results will be the basis to develop complex biotechnology providing not only the production of environmentally friendly energy H2 via the fermentation of solid food waste, but also the purification of filtrate to solve the ecological and energy (CH4 production) problem of society.