СЕЗОННАЯ ДИНАМИКА СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В ТВЕРДЫХ ЧАСТИЦАХ АЭРОЗОЛЕЙ ВОЗДУХА МАЛЫХ НАСЕЛЕННЫХ ПУНКТОВ, РАСПОЛОЖЕННЫХ В ЗОНЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ «ВОСТОЧНОГО» СЛЕДА РАДИОАКТИВНЫХ ВЫПАДЕНИЙ СЕМИПАЛАТИНСКОГО ИСПЫТАТЕЛЬНОГО ПОЛИГОНА

Ссылка для цитирования Сезонная динамика содержания химических элементов в твердых частицах аэрозолей воздуха малых населенных пунктов, расположенных в зоне влияния «Восточного» следа радиоактивных выпадений Семипалатинского испытательного полигона / А.Е. Темиржанова, Е.Г. Язиков, М.Т. Дюсембаева, Е.З. Шакенов, Н.Ж. Мухамедияров, А.Ж. Ташекова, Г.М. Есильканов, В.В. Колбин, М.А. Умаров // Известия Томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов. – 2021. – Т. 332. – № 12. – С. 189-199. Актуальность данной работы обусловлена тем, что возникает вопрос о проведении исследований для выявления содержания химических элементов по одному из основных следов «Восточный» Семипалатинского испытательного полигона и прилегающих к нему территории, включая некоторые малые населенные пункты, посредством изучения твердых частиц аэрозолей воздуха. На примере сел Долонь, Бескарагай и Канонерка изучение элементного состава твердых частиц аэрозолей воздуха даст наиболее полную картину о качестве воздуха малых населённых пунктов со схожими климатическими условиями. Данные населенные пункты расположены в следе «Восточный», недалеко от условно обозначенных границ Семипалатинского испытательного полигона. Среди них особо актуальным вопросом является изучение качественного состава атмосферного воздуха непосредственно самого полигона и прилегающих к нему зон. Особый интерес среди них вызывает химический состав твердых частиц аэрозолей воздуха (PM-2,5 – Particulate matter – твердые частицы аэрозолей воздуха с диметром менее 2,5 мкм, PM-10 – Particulate matter – твердые частицы аэрозолей воздуха с диметром менее 10 мкм, TSP-Total suspended particles – Общие взвешенные частицы), содержащих радиоактивные элементы и тяжелые металлы. Взвешенные вещества размером менее 10 мкм распространяются на большие расстояния и являются потенциальными загрязнителями основных компонентов природы. Цель: определить источники поступления химических элементов в атмосферу населенных пунктов, в зоне воздействия «Восточного» следа радиоактивных выпадений, прилегающей к территории Семипалатинского испытательного полигона, на примере сел Долонь, Бескарагай и Канонерка, а также оценить качество атмосферного воздуха. Объекты: твердые частицы аэрозолей воздуха, почва. Методы. Пробы проанализированы методами масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно-связанной плазмой (МС-ИСП), атомно-эмиссионной спектрометрии с индуктивно-связанной плазмой (АЭС-ИСП) и сканирующей электронной микроскопии; проведены процедуры внутреннего контроля качества (сравнение результатов, полученных различными способами анализа); статистическая обработка результатов анализа основных исследуемых компонентов природной среды; сезонная динамика распределения содержания элементов в твердых частицах аэрозолей воздуха исследуемых малых населенных пунктов. Результаты. Изучен химический состав (элементный) твердых частиц аэрозолей воздуха размером 2,5 мкм, а также почвы малых населенных пунктов. Выявлена сезонная динамика распределения концентраций исследуемых групп химических элементов. Анализ сезонного изменения химического состава аэрозолей воздуха позволил выявить их источники поступления. Превышения ПДК среднесуточного содержания нормируемых химических элементов в составе твердых частиц аэрозолей воздуха не обнаружено.

Phthalates, non-phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls and phenyl phosphates in atmospheric suspended particulate matter of Dhahran City, Saudi Arabia: Levels and seasonal variation

This work describes the seasonal variations, levels, and possible health effects of groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) as phthalates (Ps), non-phthalates (NPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and phenyl phosphates (PhePhs) in ambient total suspended particles (TSP) from the city of Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The mass concentrations of TSP ranged from 88±32 µg m−3 in winter to 350±320 µg m−3 in summer. The total concentrations of these compounds varied from 337±266 ng m−3 in summer to 469±403 ng m−3 in winter. The major compounds were Ps (235±199 ng m−3 in summer to 389±335 ng m−3 in winter), PCBs (30.7±19.3 ng m−3 in autumn to 65.6±61.2 ng m−3 in summer), NPs (4.9±2.3 ng m−3 in summer to 11.9±12.5 ng m−3 in winter), and PhePhs (4.1±4.0 ng m−3 in spring to 13.3±3.2 ng m−3 in summer). The proportional fractions of these POPs relative to natural biogenic sources and petroleum-related emissions were extremely high ranging from 17% in winter to 47% in autumn. Significant correlations were found among these different POP groups and total concentrations, suggesting that they were from local sources. Principal component analysis indicated that Ps and NPs were from the same initial sources, and the PhePhs as well as PCBs were from different regional sources, where the latter were dependent on the TSP levels. In the long term, the elevated levels of these POPs in the TSP of these urban areas will affect human health by eventually developing a range of illnesses.

Characteristics of Agricultural Dust Emissions from Harvesting Operations: Case Study of a Whole-Feed Peanut Combine

The rapid development of peanut mechanization has increased the amount of dust expelled from peanut mechanized operations, which degrades the air quality and endangers the health of agricultural workers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to figure out the characteristics of dust emission from mechanized peanut harvesting. To this end, the particulate matters of diameters ≤ 2.5 μm and ≤ 10 μm and the total suspended particles were sampled in real time during peanut harvesting in Henan Province, China, and the airborne particle concentrations and particle size distributions were measured. The dust particles discharged during the mechanized peanut harvesting were concentrated within the 2~30 µm size range. When the wind speed was reduced below the settling velocity of the largest particles, the more massive particles were carried in the downwind. The amount of free silica in the dust samples was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Both the total dust and free silica concentrations exceeded the occupational exposure and threshold limits. To improve the characteristics of dust emission, the microstructure and dispersion of the dust were also investigated. Reducing the agricultural operations during periods of high wind speed, low crop-moisture content, and low air humidity is recommended for reducing the dust exposure of workers. The results will provide guidance and technical support for reducing the dust emissions of mechanized harvesting operations, improving air quality, and reducing the health hazards to operators.

Children Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSP) and PM1 in Kindergartens during Winter and Spring Seasons

This study evaluates the health risks related to heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn, and metalloid As) in the indoor dust samples of total suspended particles (TSP) and particles with diameter < 1 μm (PM1). The samples were collected during 5-day periods during the spring and winter seasons in the Upper Silesia region, Poland. The highest concentration among determined trace elements revealed Fe. The greatest concern expressed the concentration of carcinogenic Cd in PM1 (from 6.7 to 9.7 ng/m3), exceeding the permissible value 5 ng/m3 (for PM10). The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks were assessed for three exposure pathways (inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact) for preschool children. None of the single trace elements obtained the Hazard Quotient Index (HQ > 1) or carcinogenic risks above the upper acceptable limit (1 × 10−4). However, the cumulative HQ values (SHQ) for three exposure pathways were greater than the safe level. The highest cumulative non-carcinogenic risk presented the TSP in rural kindergartens (2.0 × 10−4). In the same location as the TSP, the highest carcinogenic risk was also observed (9.1 × 10−4). High carcinogenic risks (>10−4) were found for the ingestion pathway of TSP inside urban and rural kindergartens and of PM1 in urban ones. A comparative evaluation shows that the health risks of trace elements in airborne particles in Polish kindergartens bring high risk.

Overview and Seasonality of PM10 and PM2.5 in Guayaquil, Ecuador

The focus of this study is the assessment of total suspended particles (TSP) and particulate matter (PM) with various aerodynamic diameters in ambient air in Guayaquil, a city in Ecuador that features a tropical climate. The urban annual mean concentrations of TSP (Total Suspended Particles), and particle matter (PM) with various aerodynamic diameters such as: PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 are 31 ± 14 µg m−3, 21 ± 9 µg m−3, 7 ± 2 µg m−3 and 1 ± 1 µg m−3, respectively. Air mass studies reveal that the city receives a clean Southern Ocean breeze. Backward trajectory analysis show differences between wet and dry seasons. During the dry season, most winds come from the south and southwest, while air masses from the peri urban may contribute as pollutant sources during the wet season. Although mean values of PM10 and PM2.5 were below dangerous levels, our year-round continuous monitoring study reveals that maximum values often surpassed those permissible limits allowed by the Ecuadorian norms. A cluster analysis shows four main paths in which west and southwest clusters account for more than 93% of the pollution. Total vertical column of NO2 shows the pollution footprint is strongest during the dry season, as opposed to the wet season. A microscopic morphological characterization of ambient particles within the city during the wet and the dry season reveals coarse mode particles with irregular and rounded shapes. Particle analysis reveals that samples are composed of urban dust, anthropogenic and organic debris during the dry season while mainly urban dust during the wet season.

Preliminary inventory of atmospheric emissions (SO2, NOx and TSP) from different industrial sectors in Costa Rica

The use of fuels, urbanization growth, and economic development have influenced the generation of atmospheric pollutants such as NOx (nitrogen oxides), SO2 (sulfur dioxide), and TSPs (Total Suspended Particles). The Costa Rican industrial sector has different category companies such as glass melting and manufacturing of food products and clothing, which release emissions of these pollutants into the atmosphere. The main objective of this research is to generate a preliminary inventory of atmospheric emissions (NOx, SO2, and TSP) from different industrial sectors in Costa Rica. The inventory was conducted in 2019 and included samplings and measurements of pollutants from chimneys of different production processes (companies) from 2014 and 2015. The sampling and the corresponding measurement of pollutant concentrations (NOx, SO2 and TSP) were conducted using Testo 350 to measure NOx and SO2 and an APEX portable particle counter to quantify TSPs. Data was tabulated using Microsoft Excel, while graphics were generated using R programming language in the R studio interface. The industrial sector entitled “manufacturing of food products” presents the highest amounts of pollutants, with values equal to 1246.14 tons/year, 1959.54 tons/year and 651.01 tons/year for NOx, SO2, and TSP, respectively, for 2014; and 2,622.14 tons/year, 3,257.64 tons/year and 346.40 tons/year, respectively, for 2015.