Izolacja a obóz koncentracyjny. Prolegomena

Everyone is created to live in a herd, a group of people with whom they build a community. The community may be the family home, friends, acquaintances from work, the backyard or eventhe street. We feel better when we meet other people. When modern man speaks of isolation, he thinks only of closing himself off at home, peace and quiet, lack of contact with his family or going off into the unknown. He does not think of the forced isolation that prevailed among people in wartime. It determined everyday life, changed people’s values and dehumanised them. The worst was the camp isolation, which took people by surprise. No one expected that someone could deprive people of their lives, away from family and friends. Isolation can be divided into sectors: internal and external. With time it is possible to get out of it. A person’s attitude and the presence of other helpful people can help. People in the camp escaped isolation in different ways. The longing for love, the touch of another human being, tenderness and a smile had different faces. One of the themes of camp life was children going to slaughter. They did not realise that they would disappear from the face of the earth together with their parents. Smiling, carefree children were not afraid of anything, they felt no fear or exclusion. International cooperation was the order of the day in many camps. Although the women did not know the language, they used gestures, similar expressions. Each of the women prisoners sensed their fate and therefore needed each other’s help. No matter what country the prisoners came from, no matter what part of Europe, they all fought to survive. For many of them the camp became a home, where relationships proved beneficial. The escape from camp “happiness” was all-day work outside the camp. Prisoners would go out on purpose to do hard work in the fi elds, digging pits, in order not to see what was going on in the camp. The variety of isolation is beyond comparison. It is possible to live in isolation, to have contact with others, but to be well aware that one day normality will return. The people in the camp also had hope, but they knew that this hope could end rather quickly for them — in the crematorium.

Trust of Socially Vulnerable Groups on Criminal Justice System of Pakistan

The present research analyzed the trust of juvenile and women prisoners in the criminal justice system of Pakistan with a focus upon the perceived legitimacy and effectiveness of justice institutions for procedural and distributive fairness. Data were collected from both under-trial and convicted juvenile and women prisoners from Borstal Institute and District Jail Faisalabad respectively. Although larger proportions of the respondents recognized and accepted the authority of various justice institutions for rule of law, a significant number of respondents viewed that justice institutions protect the interests of powerful people and do not represent moral authority. Police lacked the trust of the respondents for procedural fairness in terms of respect, impartiality, and fair treatment. However, courts have been trusted for impartiality and fair treatment compared to police and other justice institutions. The logistic results indicated educational attainment, age, prison status, and income level differently influenced experiences of the prisoners towards procedural and distributive fairness of justice institutions. Younger, illiterate, and under-trial prisoners with relatively low household income levels had low perceived legitimacy of justice institutions and less trust in the criminal justice system. Low scoring on socio-economic variables seemed to be related to increased vulnerability of the prisoners, in turn, less trust in the criminal justice system.

International legal mechanism for ensuring the right of women prisoners to health.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of international legal acts regulating the right of women prisoners to health; focuses on problematic issues that need to be addressed, including: creating a safe environment for the health of women prisoners, provision of medical care, protection during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article highlights provisions of the following universal and regional acts of a general nature, which regulate the provision of medical care to prisoners and establish special rules on the status of women prisoners: the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules) (1955 amended); European Prison Rules (2006); the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules) (2010). The materials of the international specialized structures of the United Nations, in particular the World Health Organization, namely its European Regional Office, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, etc., which focus on ensuring the right of women prisoners to health, have also been considered. They are: “Health in prisons. A WHO guide to the essentials in prison health” (2008), “Women’s health in prison. Action guidance and checklists to review current policies and practices” (2011), “Prisons and Health” (2014), Joint Statement of International Global Health Institutions, during the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime position paper outlining COVID-19 preparedness and responses in prisons etc. The emphasis is placed on practical significance of the webinars “Building Networks Behind Prison Walls” initiated by the United Nations and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, which exchange positive practices, develop common approaches to prevention and treatment of certain diseases, continuity of providing medical care for those in need after release, reintegration of prisoners after release into local communities. Relevant conclusions and recommendations have been made in order to improve the situation in the area of ensuring the right of women prisoners to health and the provision of medical care.

The Professional Dimension in Spanish Prison Socio-Educational Action

(1) Background: The article addresses the reality of prison professionals in ordinary and open prison conditions, which includes the perceptions of women prisoners, due to their low institutional presence that limits their reintegration, from a socio-educational perspective. The aim is to analyse psycho-emotional, educational, and work-related dimensions of professionals and the perception of female prisoners. (2) Methods: The study was carried out with a mixed design from two research projects. The sample consisted of 102 professionals and 75 women from 13 autonomous communities. The instruments were semi-structured questionnaires and interviews with the female prisoners. For the analysis, content analysis, basic statistics, contingency tables, and independence tests were carried out. (3) Results: The results indicate a lower presence of educational professionals and a higher presence of women. Most of them believe more in the reintegration of women, but see ordinary imprisonment and drug consumption as a limitation for it. The professionals state the lack of resources, bureaucratisation, and management, lack of training, and retraining as the main problems and needs. For their part, women demand individualised interventions adapted to their circumstances. (4) Conclusions: In short, it shows a professional reality that can be improved but with strengths such as motivation, experience, and social skills. The socio-educational dimension is valued for the dignification of women prisoners, their transition to life in freedom, and their reintegration.

Patologi Sosial dalam Kumpulan Cerpen Karya Narapidana Perempuan dan Pemanfaatanya sebagai Alternatif Sumber Bahan Ajar Apresiasi Sastra Di SMA

This study intends to portray the social pathology contained in a collection of short stories that contain different experiences of women prisoners. To be specific, the focal points of this study are (1) the type of social pathology contained in the collection of short stories by women prisoners, (2) the variables that cause social pathology in the collection of short stories by women prisoners, (3) the utilization of the collection of short stories by women prisoners as an alternative material for the appreciation of literary learning in high school. This study is a qualitative research using descriptive method to see how the social pathology in the collection of short stories by women prisoners by analyzing the collection of short stories. The results of this study indicate that the forms of social pathology contained in this collection of short stories by women prisoners are: 1) crime, 2) gambling, (3) drugs, and, (4) juvenile delinquency. The factors that cause the occurrence of social pathology contained in the collection of short stories by women prisoners consist of 4 (four) things, namely (1) economic factor, (2) family factor, (3) social environmental factor, and (4) psychological factor. This collection of short stories can be used as an alternative source of teaching material because it meets the criteria for a learning material, such as socio-cultural background, psychological aspect, and linguistic aspect. Keywords: social pathology; short stories; literature learning Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan patologi sosial yang terdapat dalam kumpulan cerpen yang memuat beragam pengalaman dari para naripadana perempuan. Fokus dalam penelitian ini, yaitu (1) bentuk patologi sosial yang terdapat dalam kumpulan cerpen karya narapidana perempuan, (2) faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya patologi sosial dalam kumpulan cerpen karya narapidana perempuan, (3) pemanfaatan kumpulan cerpen karya narapidana perempuan sebagai alternatif sumber bahan ajar apresiasi pembelajaran sastra di SMA. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif untuk melihat bagaimana patologi sosial dalam kumpulan cerpen karya narapida perempuan dengan menganalisis kumpulan cerpen tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bentuk patologi sosial yang terdapat dalam kumpulan cerpen karya narapidana perempuan ini adalah: 1) kriminalitas, 2) perjudian, (3) narkoba, dan, (4) kenakalan remaja. Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya patologi sosial yang terdapat dalam kumpulan cerpen karya narapidana perempuan terdiri atas 4 (empat) hal yakni (1) faktor ekonomi, (2) faktor keluarga, (3) faktor lingkungan sosial, dan (4) faktor psikologis. Kumpulan cerpen ini dapat dijadikan sebagai alternatif sumber bahan ajar karena memenuhi kriteria pemilihan bahan pembelajaran, serperti latar sosial budaya, aspek psikologis, dan aspek kebahasaannya. Kata kunci: patologi sosial; kumpulan cerpen; pembelajaran sastra

Mental Health Outcomes for Female Inmates without a Mental Disorder: Imprisonment and Post-release Effects of Confinement with Women with a Mental Illness

This study explores the well-being of women offenders without mental disorders during imprisonment and reentry after having been confined with mentally ill female inmates. We found that this joint confinement causes great distress to the mentally stable female inmates, harming both their mental, physical, and emotional condition and their reentry process and rehabilitation. Our findings led us to conclude that women prisoners should be separated from those with mental disorders or be offered a wide range of psychological and emotional coping tools as well as variety of rehabilitative treatment programs.

A Critical Introspection on the Enjoyment of Legal Rights by Women Undertrial Prisoners in Central Jails of Assam

Women prisoners constitute a small percentage of total prisoners in India. Although the numbers are small, their problems cannot be overlooked. In most of prisons in India, there is a lack of gender-sensitive prison norms. As a result, the needs of women prisoners are rarely realized. Since the beginning of the enactments of prison rules in India in 1894, different committees and commission have been formed for the protection of the rights of women prisoners in general and undertrial prisoners in particular. However, it is worrisome that their rights continue to be violated in different ways by different authorities. Through this research article, the researcher tries to highlight whether the women undertrial prisoners in the central jails of the state of Assam in India have been able to avail the legal rights incorporated in the Assam Jail Manual, 1987, and the Model Prison Manual of India, 2016. In this study, qualitative analysis has been done by taking into consideration the perception of women undertrial prisoners, jail officials and legal experts about the legal rights of women undertrial prisoners in central jails of Assam.