secondary meaning
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Author(s):  
Essa Ali Qurbi

This study investigated second language learners’ processing of ambiguous words (e.g., bank: [1] a financial institution, [2] an edge of a river/lake) and whether these learners are able to activate the secondary meaning as quickly as they do with the dominant meaning. English L2 and L1 participants used a window paradigm to perform a self-paced reading task, in which all sentences were biased for the secondary meaning (i.e., bank as an edge of a river/lake). The results showed that L1 participants activated both the dominant and the secondary meanings of an ambiguous word even when it is embedded within a secondary-biasing context. However, L2 participants had some difficulty in activating the L2 secondary meaning even when the preceding context was biased for it. The results of the L1 participants were compatible with the autonomous access model in that all meanings of an ambiguous [L1] word are accessed even when the context is biasing for a specific meaning. However, the results of the L2 participants, although they knew both meanings of each ambiguous word in this study based on their post-experiment questionnaire, showed that the more dominant meaning of an L2 ambiguous word is activated first, even when the context is biasing for a secondary meaning.


Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christin Gowar ◽  
CJ Visser

Defamation can be said to mean the wrongful and intentional publication of defamatory material which refers to a plaintiff. In orderfor liability to arise in a defamation action there must be publication of defamatory material which refers to the plaintiff, and the plaintiff bears the onus of proving this. From the plaintiff’s perspective, the publication requirement entails a factual enquiry, whilst the determination of whether the publication was defamatory is more complex. To determine whether a publication is defamatory one has to, firstly, establish the meaning of the publication, and secondly, decide whether the meaning of the publication contained a defamatory imputation. However, this enquiry to establish the meaning of the material in question can become complicated considering that words may have more than one meaning and plaintiffs are entitled to rely on the secondary meaning of the words (also known as innuendos) in defamation actions. Recently the Supreme Court of Appeal (“SCA”) was called upon to decide the correctness of a High Court’s approach in determining the meaning of an innuendo (Molotlegi v Mokwalase [2010] 4 All SA 258 (SCA)). In the High Court a separation of issues order was granted with the effect that the meaning of the innuendo in question had to be established without any regard to the context in which the words were uttered. This note will therefore consider whether a separation of issues, that is, separating the determination of the meaning of the words from the context in which they were uttered, would be appropriate in defamation cases where the secondary meaning of the words is relied upon by the plaintiff. In what follows, we shall consider what an innuendo is, the court’s approach to determining the meaning of innuendos, the legal principles underlying aseparation of issues order, and the decision of the Supreme Court of Appeal in Molotlegi v Mokwalase (supra).


2021 ◽  
pp. 175048132199990
Author(s):  
Peter Teo

This study focuses on a series of videos aimed at teacher recruitment in Singapore and how they are used as an ideological tool for persuasion. By adopting a multimodal critical discourse analysis approach to focus on affect, it examines how these videos create and promulgate the ideology of an ideal teacher as one who is caring, encouraging and supportive of students. The analysis shows how affect is not only embodied in and performed by the primary protagonists in the video narratives through their action, facial expression, posture and speech. It is also evoked through various secondary meaning-making modes, such as focus, angle, lighting, background music and setting, through which the narratives unfold. More importantly, it demonstrates how affect is used not only as a means to arouse and engage viewers’ sensibilities but also as a persuasive strategy to manufacture and manage particular social and economic realities in contemporary society.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Orit Malka

Abstract The verb הֵעִיד in Biblical Hebrew is understood by most scholars primarily within the semantic field of עֵד, “witness.” However, many of its biblical occurrences do not befit this reading. These were interpreted according to the context, as bearing the meaning of: “to warn,” “to assure,” “to command.” Explaining the connection between all aspects of the verb poses a challenge. The present paper argues that all these meaning are in fact interrelated: they all derive from the meaning of הֵעִיד (and the verbal phrase הֵעִיד בְּ) as implying the imposition of an oath. Oaths are based on the summoning of divine witnesses as guarantors of the sworn undertakings. Convocation of witnesses thus became associated with oaths, and consequently הֵעִיד developed a secondary meaning of imposing an oath. Understanding the verb הֵעִיד as implying the imposition of an oath will reconcile the various meanings attributed to this verb, and unveil the internal links between them.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (77) ◽  

In this study, the collage "The Hitler Gang" dated 1944 by Kurt Schwitters who is one of the Dadaism artists has been analyzed based on "iconographic and iconological criticism method" which was developed by an art historian, Erwin Panofsky, in 20th century. The said work has been examined under three stages which are natural subject matter (factual and expressive meaning), conventional subject matter (secondary meaning) and intrinsic subject matter (content) according to this method of Panofsky; it has been aimed to make the work more understandable by the viewer with this method. The positions and expressions of the visuals within the composition have been examined to find the natural subject matter; the relationships of the visuals with one another have been examined by addressing the points at which the work points to find the conventional subject matter and various resources have been employed to reveal this relationship; the life of the artist and the conditions of the period have been examined to find the intrinsic subject matter. Panofsky states that intrinsic subject matter provides the real meaning of the work. It can also be stated that the technique of the work is effective for expressing the period in which it was made. The collage technique employed by Schwitters corresponds to the destruction of the war. The collage "The Hitler Gang" emphasizes the dictator Adolf Hitler and his gang as can be understood from its name. In this regard, the study focuses on how policies applied by Hitler during First and Second World Wars changed the art and artistic perception through the work of Schwitters. Keywords: Erwin Panofsky, Art Criticism, Iconography, Iconology, Kurt Schwitters, The Hitler Gang


Author(s):  
Залиха Усмановна Хакиева ◽  
Хава Сайд-Магомедовна Шидаева

В данной статье рассматриваются терминологизмы и их взаимодействие с терминологией и фразеологией. Описана проблема терминологического статуса терминологизма, который становится общепринятым. В результате последовательных процессов естественного языка, под воздействием детерминологизации и деспециализации, лексические единицы с терминологическим значением используются вне терминологического контекста. У подобных лексем формируется вторичное значение, которое впоследствии становится фразеологическим. Данные лексемы остаются терминами и функционируют с терминологическим значением. In this article we observe correlation terminology with phraseology. We describe a status of terminological units which are becoming generally accepted. As a result of consecutive natural language processes and under the impact of determinologization and despecialization lexical units with terminological meaning are used outside the terminological context. Such units form a secondary meaning which later obtains a phraseological one. Those lexemes remain terms and function as terms.


Author(s):  
S.G. Vinogradova ◽  

The article opens with a brief overview of approaches to the study of secondary phenomena in the linguistic worldview. In particular, the author indicates the main reasons for secondary meaning formation including linguistic economy based on minimum of efforts aspiration and the associative and creative nature of human thinking. The author argues that in the framework of cognitive linguistics secondary meanings result from interpretation and the accompanying conceptual derivation and metarepresentation as processes of cognition. Such processes reflect a new understanding of the previously acquired knowledge, generating secondary conceptual structures, and choosing best ways of their anchoring in language considering cognitive dominants of linguistic consciousness as certain templates for construing reality through language. In the context of the above processes, the author examines secondary phenomena of the linguistic worldview analysing the examples of lexical and grammatical units of the English language. The discussion is focused on the outcomes of word formation in lexis, secondary interjections, secondary predicative structures, composite sentences.


XLinguae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-298
Author(s):  
Aisulu Nurtayeva ◽  
Gulmira Abdirassilova ◽  
Makbal Karbozova ◽  
Eker Suer ◽  
Sandugash Rakhimzhanova

The article’s primary goal is to demonstrate in the online teaching of language the philological aspects of the system and patterns of the occurrence of enantiosemia in the language to students. The article shows how language theoretical aspects can be taught in online learning. It also gives definitions of enantiosemic words for this purpose: to study their origin in the language system; to analyze the position in the text due to a change in syntactic meaning; tasks such as determining the nature of word formation, the study of the lexical stability. Enantiosemia occurs mainly in the form of interstitial diffusion. We use words in the form of opposite meanings during the speech, which are then stabilized and translated into a symmetrical second meaning. The study considers the secondary meaning transition through semantic analysis, contrasting, oppositional, and component analysis. We support the idea of developing the meanings of words being determined by the method of cognitive analysis. Thus, when instructing students to study the nature of enantiosis that acquire a new meaning that can be both stable or unstable in the language, it is necessary to do it in a context-sensitive manner and supplement the vocabulary.


2020 ◽  
pp. 107769902092816
Author(s):  
Stephanie L. Mahin ◽  
Victoria Smith Ekstrand

Using #BlackLivesMatter as a case study, this research documents the tensions and harms associated with trademarking online social movement hashtags. Grounded in the work of critical race theory and intellectual property scholars, this study analyzes the inconsistencies in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office application practice. The contradictions signal a limited or “mis”understanding of the utility of citizen-created hashtags and online social movement slogans. We propose a provisional networked trademark that would grant limited protection to social movements to show that their marks demonstrate the kind of secondary meaning required for a traditional trademark.


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