drought and salt stress
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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gajendra Singh Jeena ◽  
Ujjal Jyoti Phukan ◽  
Neeti Singh ◽  
Ashutosh Joshi ◽  
Alok Pandey ◽  
...  

ABSCISIC ACID REPRESSOR-1 (ABR1), an APETALA2 (AP2) domain containing transcription factor (TF) contribute important function against variety of external cues. Here, we report an AP2/ERF TF, AtERF60 that serves as an important regulator of ABR1 gene. AtERF60 is induced in response to drought, salt, abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and bacterial pathogen PstDC3000 infection. AtERF60 interacts with DEHYDRATION RESPONSE ELEMENTS (DRE1/2) and GCC box indicating its ability to regulate multiple responses. Overexpression of AtERF60 results in the drought and salt stress tolerant phenotype in both seedling and mature Arabidopsis plants in comparison with the wild type (WT-Col). However, mutation in AtERF60 showed hyperactive response against drought and salt stress in comparison with its overexpression and WT. Microarray and qRT-PCR analysis of overexpression and mutant lines indicated that AtERF60 regulates both abiotic and biotic stress inducible genes. One of the differentially expressing transcripts was ABR1 and we found that AtERF60 interacts with the DRE cis-elements present in the ABR1 promoter. The mutation in AtERF60 showed ABA hypersensitive response, increased ABA content, and reduced susceptibility to PstDC3000. Altogether, we conclude that AtERF60 represses ABR1 transcript by binding with the DRE cis-elements and modulates both abiotic and biotic stress responses in Arabidopsis.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadau Bello Salisu ◽  
Teame Gereziher Mehari ◽  
Adeel Ahmad ◽  
Sani Muhammad Tajo ◽  
Sani Ibrahim ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Cotton crop is universally considered as protein and edible oil source besides the major contributor of natural fiber and is grown all around the globe. Unpredicted environmental stresses are becoming a significant threat to sustainable cotton production, ultimately leading to a substantial irreversible economic loss. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), generally considered essential for recognizing environmental stresses through phosphorylating downstream signal pathways.Results: In the current study, we have identified 74 MAPK genes across cotton, 41 from G. hirsutum, 19 from G. raimondii, whereas 14 have been identified through G. arboreum. The MAPK gene-proteins have been further interrogated to determine their physicochemical characteristics and other essential features. In this perspective, characterization, phylogenetic relationship, chromosomal mapping, gene motif, cis-regulatory element, and subcellular localization were carried out. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the MAPK family in cotton is usually categorized as A, B, C, D, and E clades. Seven GHMAPK genes (GH_A07G1527, GH_D02G1138, GH_D03G0121, GH_D03G1517, GH_D05G1003, GH_D11G0040, and GH_D12G2528) were selected, and specific tissue expression and profiling were performed across drought and salt stress.Conclusions : RNA sequence and qPCR results represented genes as differentially expressed across both vegetative and reproductive plant parts. Similarly, the qPCR analysis showed that six genes had been upregulated substantially through drought treatment while all the genes were upregulated across salt treatment.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongtong Zhang ◽  
Dengyu Zheng ◽  
Chun Zhang ◽  
Zhongyi Wu ◽  
Rong Yu ◽  
...  

Abstract Drought and salinity are serious environmental factors limiting the growth and productivity of plants worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to develop ways to improve drought and salinity stress tolerance in plants. In this study, a drought-responsive nuclear factor Y subunit A gene, ZmNF-YA12, was cloned from maize. qPCR revealed ZmNF-YA12 transcript in all vegetative and reproductive tissues, with higher levels in young roots. Expression analyses of maize revealed that ZmNF-YA12 was induced by abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and abiotic stresses, including dehydration, high salinity, cold, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. The heterologous expression of ZmNF-YA12 in Arabidopsis plants resulted in increased root length and better plant growth than in wild-type (WT) plants under conditions of mannitol, salt, and JA stress on 1/2 MS medium. Transgenic Arabidopsis showed improved tolerance to drought and salt stresses in soil, and higher proline content and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content than WT controls. The transgenic plants also maintained higher peroxidase (POD) activities than WT plants under conditions of NaCl stress. A yeast two-hybrid experiment demonstrated that ZmNF-YA12 interacted with ZmNF-YC1 and ZmNF-YC15. Moreover, the transcript levels of stress-responsive genes (RD29A, RD29B, RAB18, and RD22) were markedly increased in transgenic lines under conditions of drought and salt stress. These observations suggested that the ZmNF-YA12 gene confers drought and salt stress tolerance, and has potential applications in molecular breeding with maintenance of production under conditions of stress.


Plant Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 111166
Author(s):  
Yanan Chen ◽  
Ling Li ◽  
Boyan Tang ◽  
Ting Wu ◽  
Guoping Chen ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Chevilly ◽  
Laura Dolz-Edo ◽  
Gema Martínez-Sánchez ◽  
Luna Morcillo ◽  
Alberto Vilagrosa ◽  
...  

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a crop with important agronomic interest worldwide. Because of the increase of drought and salinity in many cultivation areas as a result of anthropogenic global warming, the obtention of varieties tolerant to these conditions is a major objective for agronomical improvement. The identification of the limiting factors for stress tolerance could help to define the objectives and the traits which could be improved by classical breeding or other techniques. With this objective, we have characterized, at the physiological and biochemical levels, two different cultivars (sensitive or tolerant) of two different melon varieties (Galia and Piel de Sapo) under controlled drought or salt stress. We have performed physiological measurements, a complete amino acid profile and we have determined the sodium, potassium and hormone concentrations. This has allowed us to determine that the distinctive general trait for salt tolerance in melon are the levels of phenylalanine, histidine, proline and the Na+/K+ ratio, while the distinctive traits for drought tolerance are the hydric potential, isoleucine, glycine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, serine, and asparagine. These could be useful markers for breeding strategies or to predict which varieties are likely perform better under drought or salt stress. Our study has also allowed us to identify which metabolites and physiological traits are differentially regulated upon salt and drought stress between different varieties.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Zhao ◽  
Yani Niu ◽  
Hao Dong ◽  
Yaqi Jia ◽  
Yucheng Wang

S1Fa-like transcription factors (TFs) are small molecular weight proteins that contain both nuclear localization and DNA binding domains. However, the functions of S1Fa-like TFs are poorly understood. In the present study, we identified the S1Fa-like TFs from the Populus trichocarpa genome, which revealed two S1Fa-like TF genes, PtS1Fa1 and PtS1Fa2. PtS1Fa1 and PtS1Fa2 expression was suppressed by drought and salt stress, and was also significantly altered by ABA, MeJA, or SA treatment. Both PtS1Fa1 and PtS1Fa2 are nuclear proteins. Transgenic P. trichocarpa plants overexpressing PtS1Fa1 and PtS1Fa2, respectively, were generated. The plants overexpressing PtS1Fa2 showed increased fresh weight, chlorophyll content, and root length and weight compared with those in wild-type (WT) P. trichocarpa under drought conditions. Meanwhile, these phenotype traits of plants overexpressing PtS1Fa1 were similar to those of WT plants. Furthermore, overexpression of PtS1Fa2 reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage, H2O2 and O2- contents, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. The expression of SOD and POD was also induced by PtS1Fa2. However, overexpression of PtS1Fa1 failed to affect any of these physiological parameters or SOD and POD gene expression. These results suggested that PtS1Fa2 plays a role in drought tolerance, and confers drought tolerance by increase antioxidant activity to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Linyerera SHIRAKU ◽  
Richard Odongo MAGWANGA ◽  
Xiaoyan CAI ◽  
Joy Nyangasi KIRUNGU ◽  
Yanchao XU ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Cotton is a valuable economic crop and the main significant source of natural fiber for textile industries globally. The effects of drought and salt stress pose a challenge to strong fiber and large-scale production due to the ever-changing climatic conditions. However, plants have evolved a number of survival strategies, among them is the induction of various stress-responsive genes such as the ribosomal protein large (RPL) gene. The RPL gene families encode critical proteins, which alleviate the effects of drought and salt stress in plants. In this study, comprehensive and functional analysis of the cotton RPL genes was carried out under drought and salt stresses. Results Based on the genome-wide evaluation, 26, 8, and 5 proteins containing the RPL14B domain were identified in Gossypium hirsutum, G. raimondii, and G. arboreum, respectively. Furthermore, through bioinformatics analysis, key cis-regulatory elements related to RPL14B genes were discovered. The Myb binding sites (MBS), abscisic acid-responsive element (ABRE), CAAT-box, TATA box, TGACG-motif, and CGTCA-motif responsive to methyl jasmonate, as well as the TCA-motif responsive to salicylic acid, were identified. Expression analysis revealed a key gene, Gh_D01G0234 (RPL14B), with significantly higher induction levels was further evaluated through a reverse genetic approach. The knockdown of Gh_D01G0234 (RPL14B) significantly affected the performance of cotton seedlings under drought/salt stress conditions, as evidenced by a substantial reduction in various morphological and physiological traits. Moreover, the level of the antioxidant enzyme was significantly reduced in VIGS-plants, while oxidant enzyme levels increased significantly, as demonstrated by the higher malondialdehyde concentration level. Conclusion The results revealed the potential role of the RPL14B gene in promoting the induction of antioxidant enzymes, which are key in oxidizing the various oxidants. The key pathways need to be investigated and even as we exploit these genes in the developing of more stress-resilient cotton germplasms.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Chang ◽  
Yanliang Guo ◽  
Jingyi Yan ◽  
Zixing Zhang ◽  
Li Yuan ◽  
...  

AbstractMelatonin is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that regulates plant growth and responses to various abiotic stresses. The last step of melatonin synthesis in plants can be catalyzed by caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), a multifunctional enzyme reported to have N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) activity; however, the ASMT activity of COMT has not yet been characterized in nonmodel plants such as watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Here, a total of 16 putative O-methyltransferase (ClOMT) genes were identified in watermelon. Among them, ClOMT03 (Cla97C07G144540) was considered a potential COMT gene (renamed ClCOMT1) based on its high identities (60.00–74.93%) to known COMT genes involved in melatonin biosynthesis, expression in almost all tissues, and upregulation under abiotic stresses. The ClCOMT1 protein was localized in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of ClCOMT1 significantly increased melatonin contents, while ClCOMT1 knockout using the CRISPR/Cas-9 system decreased melatonin contents in watermelon calli. These results suggest that ClCOMT1 plays an essential role in melatonin biosynthesis in watermelon. In addition, ClCOMT1 expression in watermelon was upregulated by cold, drought, and salt stress, accompanied by increases in melatonin contents. Overexpression of ClCOMT1 enhanced transgenic Arabidopsis tolerance against such abiotic stresses, indicating that ClCOMT1 is a positive regulator of plant tolerance to abiotic stresses.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1827
Author(s):  
Zhibin Wen ◽  
Yulan Wang ◽  
Chunlan Xia ◽  
Yuhui Zhang ◽  
Hongxiang Zhang

The NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) catalyzes the reversible decarboxylation of L-malate to produce pyruvate, CO2, and NADPH in the presence of a bivalent cation. In addition, this enzyme plays crucial roles in plant developmental and environment responses, especially for the plastidic isoform. However, this isoform is less studied in C3–C4 intermediate species under drought and salt stresses than in C3 and C4 species. In the present study, we characterized SaNADP-ME4 from the intermediate woody desert species Salsola laricifolia. SaNADP-ME4 encoded a protein of 646 amino acids, which was found to be located in the chloroplasts based on confocal imaging. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that SaNADP-ME4 was highly expressed in leaves, followed by stems and roots, and SaNADP-ME4 expression was improved and reached its maximum under the 200 mm mannitol and 100 mm NaCl treatments, respectively. Arabidopsis overexpressing SaNADP-ME4 showed increased root length and fresh weight under mannitol and salt stress conditions at the seedling stage. In the adult stage, SaNADP-ME4 could alleviate the decreased in chlorophyll contents and PSII photochemical efficiency, as well as improve the expression of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase genes to enhance reactive oxygen species scavenging capability and proline levels. Our results suggest that SaNADP-ME4 overexpression in Arabidopsis increases drought and salt stress resistance.


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