Social Influence on Fad Diet Use: A Systematic Literature Review

Background: A fad diet is a broad term used to describe dieting methods that recommend altering the intake of macronutrients to specific proportions or instruct people to intake or avoid particular foods, often with the goal of rapid weight loss. Previous literature reviews report social influence impacts general diet behaviour, but have yet to examine fad diets, specifically. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize literature related to social influence on an individual's fad diet use and understand the sociocultural factors related to diet use. Methods: Using PRISMA guidelines, Medline, PsycInfo, Embase, CINAHL, and CENTRAL databases were searched to identify articles investigating the impact of social on fad diet use. Covidence was used to manage the review process and Garrard's Matrix Method was used to extract data from reviewed articles (n = 13). Results: A majority of reviewed studies examined interpersonal influence (62%) and reported social influence impacting a variety of fad diet behaviours (92%). Interpersonal and media influence were highlighted as motivating factors for adopting unhealthy dieting methods (54%), and studies showed interpersonal support impacted adoption and maintenance of fad diet use (23%). Also, social norms were reported to influence unhealthy weight control behaviours (15%). Discussion: This review revealed social influence is associated with the adoption, adherence, and termination of fad diets. The prevalence of fad diets in society and the lack of research on this topic warrants further examination of factors related to fad diets use and the spread among interpersonal networks.

The Factors Associated with Health Promotion Behavior of In-ternational Students in South Korea

Background: We aimed to explore the factors associated with health promotion behavior of international students in South Korea. Methods: The convenience sample of 263 participants was recruited from two universities in Gangwon-do and Jeollanam-do, South Korea. The data were collected by using structured questionnaires from Apr to Jun 2019. Demographic characteristics, health conception, acculturative stress, self-efficacy, interpersonal support, and health promotion behavior were assessed. T-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analyses were used for statistical analyses. Results: Participants from Vietnam (P=.040), with more health conception (P<.001), more acculturative stress (P<.001), more self-efficacy (P<.001), and greater interpersonal support (P<.001) were more likely to engage in more health promotion behaviors. Conclusion: This study is meaningful as it collected the data on which to design health promotion programs for international students. Future studies are needed to investigate further factors relating to international students’ health promotion behavior, including internal and external environments.

Parents’ Perspectives on Counseling for Fetal Heart Disease: What Matters Most?

After diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) in the fetus, effective counseling is considered mandatory. We sought to investigate which factors, including parental social variables, significantly affect counseling outcome. A total of n = 226 parents were recruited prospectively from four national tertiary medical care centers. A validated questionnaire was used to measure counseling success and the effects of modifiers. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the data. Parental perception of interpersonal support by the physician (β = 0.616 ***, p = 0.000), counseling in easy-to-understand terms (β = 0.249 ***, p = 0.000), and a short period of time between suspicion of fetal CHD, seeing a specialist and subsequent counseling (β = 0.135 **, p = 0.006) significantly improve “overall counseling success”. Additional modifiers (e.g., parental native language and age) influence certain subdimensions of counseling such as “trust in medical staff” (language effect: β = 0.131 *, p = 0.011) or “perceived situational control” (age effect: β = 0.166 *, p = 0.010). This study identifies independent factors that significantly affect counseling outcome overall and its subdimensions. In combination with existing recommendations our findings may contribute to more effective parental counseling. We further conclude that implementing communication skills training for specialists should be considered essential.

A remote lecture series roadmap to equity, diversity, and inclusion in STEM

Within a year of the shutdowns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual meetings transformed from an auxiliary service to an essential work platform for hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Universities rapidly accelerated adoption of virtual platforms for remote conferences, classes, and seminars amidst a second crisis testing institutional commitment to the principles of equity, diversity, and inclusion. Here we present thorough guidelines for drawing out hope from the Pandora's box of virtual programming now open to the world. We review milestones from our first year organizing the Diversity and Science Lecture series (DASL) and explore insights into equity, diversity, and inclusion in STEM gleaned from hosted speakers' talk content. Nearly every speaker highlighted the importance of social or interpersonal support to their career progression, and three-fifths of speakers commented on race or ethnicity. Other recurring topics each received attention from a minority of speakers: immigrant identity, gender identity, mental health, sexual minorities, disability, and rural or agricultural background. We conclude with generalizable advice on creating new remote lecture series that benefit executive team members, speakers, and attendees. Our success with DASL demonstrates that community building and knowledge sharing can flourish under a remote lecture framework.

Processing Intensive Care Unit Treatment Experiences: A Thematic Analysis of a Diary Intervention

Survivors of the intensive care unit (ICU) report an aggregate of burdensome memories. ICU diaries have been proposed to address the psychological impact of ICU treatment. Twenty-six participants wrote about their ICU experiences in three successive sessions, while in the second session, they were presented with a dairy derived from their medical records. Using inductive thematic analysis in the first and third narratives, we explore how participants initially describe their ICU experience and how they process it after the intervention. Participants described a martyrdom experience, including being emotionally distressed, disorientated, and physically trapped that provoked a quest for any available interpersonal support. A vacuum-like state permeated their existence, impacted their sense-making ability, and the proximity to death uniquely characterized this experience. After intervention, participants made small but significant changes in their written narratives. They appeared to reorganize their recollections, reestablish self-continuity by integrating their ICU experiences, and authored restitution narratives.

“Inter-District School Transfers and the Role of Educators in Black Students’ Sense of School Belonging”

Inter-district racial and socioeconomic segregation continue to affect students’ educational opportunities. Housing mobility programs provide a way for low-income families to access lower-poverty and higher-performing schools in nearby districts. However, changing schools is also disruptive for students. Through interviews with 67 low-income Black youth who moved from Baltimore city into the suburbs with a mobility program, we examine how students’ interactions with educators shaped their school transition. Educators who provided academic and interpersonal support helped mitigate disruption by promoting students’ sense of school belonging. Yet, we find significant heterogeneity in the support students received as they entered new schools.

Hubungan antara Parenting Self-Efficacy dan Dukungan Sosial pada Ibu yang Mengalami Kekerasan Seksual di Masa Kanak-kanak Madya

Kekerasan seksual yang pernah dialami ibu pada masa kanak-kanak dapat berdampak negatif pada kehidupannya, terutama dalam menjalankan peran pengasuhan anak. Individu yang mengalami kekerasan seksual umumnya merasa kurang aman dan kurang mampu dalam mengendalikan lingkungannya. Pada ibu, dampak psikologis ini berkaitan dengan keyakinan bahwa ia dapat memberikan pengasuhan yang baik untuk anak-anaknya, yang disebut dengan parenting self-efficacy. Dukungan sosial dibutuhkan untuk mengurangi dampak negatif dari pengalaman masa lalu tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk meneliti hubungan antara parenting self-efficacy dan dukungan sosial pada para ibu yang mengalami kekerasan seksual saat masa kanak-kanak. Penelitian ini menggunakan 36 pertanyaan Self-Efficacy for Parenting Tasks Index dan 40 pertanyaan Interpersonal Support Evaluation List untuk menguji korelasi antarkedua hal tersebut. Hasil tes korelasi menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan antara parenting self-efficacy dan dukungan sosial pada para ibu yang mengalami kekerasan seksual pada masa kanak-kanak (r=0.709; p=0.000, L.o.S 0.01). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa para ibu yang mengalami kekerasan seksual masa kanak-kanak membutuhkan dukungan sosial berkelanjutan untuk dapat mengasuh anak-anaknya dengan parenting self-efficacy yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, dukungan sosial bagi para ibu, penyintas kekerasan seksual, sangat penting karena berdampak pada masa depan penyintas tersebut dan juga individu lain yang dipengaruhi oleh penyintas tersebut. Kata kunci: ibu, parenting self-efficacy, kekerasan seksual masa kanak-kanak, dukungan sosial

THE PROS AND PERILS OF INTERDEPENDENCE: FEMINIST ORGANIZING IN ONLINE GAME FORUMS

Within video game culture, where the medium's association with masculinity remains strong, it can be difficult for female players to connect with one another or to find safe spaces for play. Without support systems, many drop out of gaming over time. This indicates a need to build greater interdependencies between affected players, to provide interpersonal support and develop collective responses to gaming’s inequalities. Research in other areas suggests that targeted internet communities, such as Facebook groups, could provide space for feminist networking, consciousness-raising, and action, but it also reveals that such spaces have limits. Like games, the internet is often seen as masculinized, meaning explicitly feminist conversations and communities can draw disruptive trolls. Groups that police their boundaries to avoid these problems may implicitly prioritize some participants—i.e. straight, white, cisgender women—over others. This exploratory study analyzes top posts in two gaming forums—one general and one female-specific—to begin assessing if/how online communities for female gamers build interdependencies and raise feminist consciousness. More specifically, it assesses posts about harassment—which is often directed at female players as perceived “outsiders”—to determine if, when, and how toxicity is discussed as a general vs. a gendered problem, as well as if resulting discourses offer opportunities for consciousness-raising and collective action. This paper seeks to help marginalized players build stronger, more inclusive gaming and internet cultures.

Mental Health Caregiver’s Experiences From the Perspective of the Power Threat Meaning Framework

Mental health caregivers experience a range of practical and emotional challenges. The Power Threat Meaning Framework is a recently articulated alternative framework for identifying patterns in distress. This qualitative study explores mental health caregivers’ experiences of power, threat, threat response, and meaning. Ten Australian mental health caregivers participated in semistructured interviews with data analysed using thematic analysis. Participants described positive and negative experiences of power in the form of institutional barriers, empowerment through advocacy, power dynamics, and power through nurturing. The mental health of the care receiver presented as a threat to caregiver’s well-being, as did loss of identity, grief, and community disconnect. Threat responses included seeking interpersonal support, regaining control, engaging in self-care, and using coping strategies. A sense of connection to the care receiver, self-growth, and giving back allowed carers to derive meaning from their role. Utilising the Power Threat Meaning Framework offers insight into mental health caregiver’s experiences beyond the confinements of current clinical practice. Suggestions for supporting mental health caregivers are provided.

Examining the relationship between interpersonal support and retention in HIV care among HIV+ nursing mothers in Uganda

Objective The global burden of HIV on women and pediatric populations are severe in sub-Saharan Africa. Global child HIV infection rates have declined, but this rate remains quite high in sub-Saharan Africa due to Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). To prevent MTCT of HIV, postpartum women living with HIV (WLHIV) are required to return to a health facility for HIV care within 60 days after childbirth (Retention in HIV care). Studies suggest that interpersonal support was positively associated with retention in HIV care. However, information on this association is lacking among postpartum WLHIV in Uganda. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between interpersonal support, measured with the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL-12), and retention in HIV care. Results In a total of 155 postpartum WLHIV, 84% were retained in HIV care. ISEL-12 was negatively associated with retention in HIV care. Postpartum WLHIV retained in care (24.984 ± 4.549) have lower ISEL-12 scores compared to the non-retained group (27.520 ± 4.224), t(35.572) = − 2.714, p = 0.01. In the non-income earning sample, respondents retained in care (24.110 ± 4.974) have lower ISEL scores compared to the non-retained group (27.000 ± 4.855), t(20.504) = -2.019, p = 0.049. This was not significant among income earning WLHIV.